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c^^E. H. SAWYER, A. M. B. D.,^^ 

PROFESSOR OF IIISTORV IN I.A GRANGE COLLKGK. 



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MACON, NflSSOlRI. APRIL, 1S79. 





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Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1878, by 
E. H. Sawyer, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, 
at Washington. 



K. M. Baxter's steam print, macon, Missouri. 



G^INTRODUCTION.^^) 



The sole purpose of the author in the preparation of this Chart, was to furn.sh a stimulus and 
indicate the method of Historical Study, to the youth ^vith wliom his professional duties brought hnn m daily 
contrct in the College lecture room. In his connection with educational v.wk the conviction has been 
produced that the American mind is peculiarly unhistorical in its tendencies. "We live m an earnest and 
innmltuouspre6ent,looking to a vague future, and comparatively cut off from the prolific past which i. 
S the mother of us all ;"'and yet I a people we are more indebted to the past, and are more deeply 
concerned with understanding the lessens of the past than any other ex.tsing nation. Ihere is an oblig 
Uon, therefore resting with great weight upon those among us, who are to be the moulders and guiders c> 
the opinions and tendencies of tlie American people, to imbue themselves with tlie true historic spirit, and 
to acmiaint themselves with theteachings of the past. Dr. Cheney has well remarked: "Human history 
opens a boundlessfield of investigation, which no man ever has or ever can explore to is remotes 
boundaries " The sphere of history is the sphere of facts, events and developements extending .through all 
the centuries since the creation of man; it cunnut therefore be constructed on a prion p.-inciples, but when 
pursuing secular or sacred narrative exhibites events in their connected and related order. I is fur her 
observed, in the language of President Northrui>: -'Historical processes and movements cim have neither 
value no; significancy except as they are comprehended in the light of vuulery.ng ideas and P"nciP es; 
hence the importance of a correct method in the prosecution of this study. Rigiitly understood. History 
affords scope for the exercise of tlie highest powers of the mind, and is adapted to awaken them to vigorous 
action. It appeals profoundly to every element of man's nature. It meets his philosophical tendencies, 
presenting the loftiJst achievements in the sphere of metaphysical thought, and appeals to his religious 
instincts by portraying a scheme of re.lemption in which are comprehended the infinite interests of our race. 
History may then be termed the epitome of all learning. 

In the preperation of these pages, reference, has been freely made to the historical writings 
of Thalheiiner, Gibbon, Wilson. Hume, Tacitus, D' Aubigne, Ridpath, Pierce.Bancroft, Barnum, Kohlrausch, 
Thiers, Macauley, Froude, Ranke, Buckle, Hurst, Neander, Stanley an.l others, to whom we acknowledge 
-ndebtediiess. 

If in the limited sphere tl.is Chart is designed to range, it shall incite the student to enter the 
broad domain of History, and shall help l.im in traversing her plains and scaling her mountain peaks, the 
most earnest wish of the author will be fully realized. ^- • ^ • 



Macon, Mo., November fith, 1878. 



<^^HISTORICAL CHARTS 

CHRONOLOGY OF CONTEMPORANEOUS GOVERNMENTS, 
EARLIEST AUTHENTIC RECORDS 

TO THE! 
I*r©s©rktTina©, 4,004: IB. O. 1B78 .A.. I>. 

HOW TO BTliDY HISTOKi'. 

» 

111 the study of events the two circumstances of time and place constantly demand our ftttention. Ac- 
cordingly, chronology and geography have been called 'the two eyes of history." The student wil' there- 
fore see the propriety of useing this Chart in connection with a reliable map of the world. 

History is divided into three great branches, viz: Ancient (4004 B. C.— 476 A. D.) Mediaeval (476 
1600 A. D.) and Modern 1600—1878. A. I).) 

ANIIENT HISTORY. 

Ancient history narrates the succession of Empires which ruled Asia, Africa and Euroue, until the 
Roman dominion in Italy was overthrown l)y northern barbarians, A. I). 476. Geographically, it com- 
prises only the shore* of the Mediterranean and a part of Western Asia. The earliest historical records 
are found in the Hebrew scriptures. Tiie first government of earth was a Theocracy, which extended 
from Adam 4004 B. C, to »aul the king lU!t4 B.C. The Patriurcliate of the twelve sons of Jacob— 
(Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Zebulun, Issachar, Dan, Gad, Asher, Naphtali, Joseph and Benjamin;) 
and the Judgeship, of Othniel, Ehml, Shamgar, Deborah (female), Gideon, Tola, Jair, Jephthah, 
njzaii, Elon, Abdou, Sampson Samuel, Joel and Abiah,) were included in the Theocracy. 

Alter the dispersion of the other decendants of Noah from Babel, Nimrod, grand-son of Hani 
remained near the scene of their discomfiture, and established a kingdom south of the Euphrates at the 
head of thePersian gulf. This is known as the Chaldean dynasty, from about (3000-1543 B. C.) The first 
date is uncertain here, some authorities placing it 1000 years later. The only kno\Tn kings are Nimrod and 
Chedorlaonier, Succeeded by an Arabian dynasty, (1543-1298 B. C.) A dynasty of 45 kincs, probably 
Assyrian followed from (1298—772 B. C). King Paul (772— 747B. C.) 

Phoenicea (kings of Tyre) accA>rding to Herodotus (2750-532 B. C.) 



Non— Utile le knon-o of the dictloctlve butor.v of the Cbaldeao and riioeDicean dynactlei", Th«t which is of importoDi-f, in either, will 
be exhibited in the liistory of succeeding Empires. 



8AWYEirS CHART OF 



CHINESE EMPIKK.-vr?. C. 2207-A. D. 1877), 
Is very ancient, and is said by the Cliitiese to have existed forty-one thousand years before tlic christian era. 
We liave no authority save tlie claim urged by tliu people of this vast empire for fixing the remarkable date, 
thirty-seven thousand years buck of the time generally fixed asilieheginningof thehuman race. Tlie earliest 
dynasty known to the historian, is that of Haia (22U7 13. C), but little is known of the country before the 
time of CJonfucius, during the prevalence of the Chow dynasty (1122-25i)~n. CV During the reign of Ching 
(256 13. C), the great wall was built. Elated with his own exploits, ho formed the design of making 
posterity believe that he was the first Emperor that filled the Chinese throne, und for this purpose, it is 
.said, ordered all the historical records to be obliterated. From (220-280 A. D.) China was divided into 
three kingdoms, viz: tlie Sliohany; thcGori in the north, and the El in thesoiith. lu the thirteenth centurv 
the Chinese called in the aid of the Mongols to beat off the Eastern Tartars. These tierce allies soon subdued 
not only the Tartars, but the i)eopIe who!n they came to defend, and seized the country. The Kul>lai Khan 
dynasty continued for nearly a century when it was overthrown by the Chinese, who continued to hold their 
own country until (A. D. 1644) when the expelled Mongols who had united with the Tartars and formed 
the race known as the Mantchous. invaded the Empire, overtluew the ])rcvailing Chinese dynasty and 
established a permanent Tartar dominion, which is still in power. The Chinese is, on the whole, by far 
the best native government of Asia. The government is patriarchal, and the Emperor has the remarkabU- 
title of "Holy Son of Heaven, Sole Governor of the Eartli, and Great Father of his People." The population 
is 353,000,000. 

JAPA.NESK KMl'IRE, 

has a history usually connected with China, and lies to the east of the former Emjiire, being composed 
of a great number of Islands. The Japanese have nominally two Emperors; one is the supreme pontiff, and 
oracle of religion, and the other a secular emperor, who is investetl with absolute authority. The latter 
resides at Jeddo the cai>ital, in the Island of Ni])hon. Commondore Perry with an American fieet visited 
Japan in 1853, and concluded a commercial treaty with the Empire. 

EGYPTIAN EMHIBK (fOI:NI)K1) BY MKNKs") 

Embracing three historical periods. 

I Old empire from the earliest times to 1900 13. C. 

II Middle empire (Shepherd kings) 1900-1525 B, C. 

Ill New empire (1525-525 B. C.) The Hebrew bondage and exodus occurred somewhere lietween 
1600—1219 B. C. 

KINGDOMS OF ASIA MINtlK. 

From the occupancy of the country by the Phrygians to the close of the Lydian empire. Kingdom of 
Lydia, three Dynasties bore rule. The Atyadae (before 1200 B. C). The Heraclidae (1200— 695 B. C.l 
The Marmnadae (694 — 546 B. C.) when Croesus the last and greatest monarch was concjuered by Cyrus, 
king of Persia. 

GRECIAN STATES — UNKNOWN TILL 336 U. C. 

History is best divided into three periods — 

I Mythical period, from the earliest times to the Dorian migrations, alwut 1100 B. C 

II Authentic period from the Dorian migrations to the beginning of the Persian wars 1100-.500B. C. 
Herodotus began his historical record with the year 776 B. C. It formed the first definite 
starting point for subsequent historians. 

Ill Revolutionary period, from the beginning of the Persian wars to the victory ot Philip of Mace- 
don at Chaeronea (500-336 B. C.) 



CHKONOLOUY AND OONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY. 



Greece, thougli one of the smallest couiitrieij of the globe, about the size of the state of Ohio, enjoys 
the undisputeil title U) the controlling literary power of the world. She gave us Homer the father of poetry 
S<)cratui<, the father of philo.sophy ; IIero<lotu8, the father of history and Demosthenes the father of oratory. 

nKBKKW DYNASTY. 



Israel became a kingdom upon the coronation 
t»f Saul the non ot Kisli, of the tribe of Benjamin, 
l»Ht4 B. C. King Saul wa.s defeate<l and slain in the 
battle of Gillxia 10.58 B. C. David the son of Jesse 

HOUBK OF JUDIAH TWO TRIBF>. 

liehoboani the son of Solomon, reigned 
from 975-956B. 0. During this reign the ten 
tribes revolt from Rehoboam and proclaim 
Jeroboam the son of Nebat of the tribe of 
Ephram king. Rehoboam continues to reign 
over Jndah and Benjamin. 

Abijam succeeds hie; father to flu- tlinnie of 
J ndah 95fi-953 B. 0. 

Asa succeeded his father H53-912 15. C. 
J ehoshaphat 912-896 B.C. 

Jehoram (896-888 B. C.) 

Ahaziah (888-887 B. C.) Slain by order 
ipf Jehu. 

Athaliah (887-881 B. C.) Queen Athaliah 
usurped the tlirone, but was slain by order of 
Jehoiada, the priest. 

Joash (88(1-840 B. C.) Slain by two of his 
servants. 

Amaziah (»-lo-!<ll B. C.) Assassinated. 

Azariah. or ITzziah (812-7«0 B. C. Died of 
leprosy. 

Jothani (760-744 B. C. 

Ahaz (745-729 B. C.) 

Hezekiah the Great (729-700 B. C. His 
life was lengthened fifteen years in answer to 
prayer. Book of Isaiah, chapter xxxviii. 

Manasseh. the Cruel (700-645 B. C.) 

Anion [64.5-643 B. C. Assassinated. 

Josiah [643-612 B. C] iSlain in the battle 
of Megiddo. 

Jehoahaz (612 B. C. Reigned three months 
find was dethroned . 

Jehoiakim [612-601 B. C.J 

Jehoiachin [601 B. C. Iteigned three 
months when Judah was carried into captivity 
by Nebuchadnezzar. 

Zedekiah [601 or 592 B. C. Final captivity 
and end of the house of Judah. 



of the tribe of Judah succeed to the throne (105fr- 
1015 B.C.) Solomon succeeded his father to the 
throne (1015-975 B. C.) The kingdom is here 
divided. 

HOUSE OK I8BAKL TEN TEIBES. 

Jeroboam (975-952 B. C.) 

Nadab 952-950 B. C. Slain in the siege of 
(Tibbithon. IJaasha the conspirator reigned in 
his stead (950-926 B. C.) 

Elah (926-923 B. C. Assassinated. 

Zimri the assassin reigned in his stead 924 
B. C, he l)ecame the incendiary of his own palace 
and ])erished in tlie flames, after a reign of only 
seven days. 

Omri (924^912 B.C.) 

Ahab 912-890 B. C.) Famine in Israel 
during this reign. Ahab was defeateil and slain 
in the Ijattle of Ramoth Gilead. 

Ahaziah (890 B. C. Died from injuries 
received by a fall. 

Joram 891 B.C. Slain by Jehu. 

Jehu succeeded to the throne 887-850 B. C. 

Jehoahaz 860-843 B. C.) 

Joash (843-827 B.C. 

Jeroboam II (827-786 B. C.) Death of 
Elislia the prophet. 

INTERKEONUM. 

Zachiiriah 772 H. C. Reigned six months 
and was slain by Shallum. 

Shallnm 773 B. C. Reigned one month 
and was assassinated. 

Meiiahem the brute 773-763 B. C. 

Pekahah 763 -761 B. C. Killed by a con- 
spirator. 

Pekah (761-741 B. C. Slain by Hoshea. 
Tiglath Pileser king of Assyria invades the 
land of Israel and carries many of the people 
into captivity. 

Hoshea (741-732 B.C. Israel again led into 
captivity. 

End of the house of Israel. 



A 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



SYRIAN KINGDOM, DKMASOUS SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. 



Benliadad III, 
745-732 B. C. 



Hadad 1040 B. C; Rezon, 100(t B. C; Lot 
Rimmoii 960-950 B. C; Benhadad I 950-920 
B. C. Benhadad II 900 B. C; Hazael, 850 B. C. 

ASSYRIAN MONAECHY 625 B . C. 

No certain clironolo<iy before the tenth century Asshurlikhkhus 753-745 B 
B. C; Asshurdamiril I, died 909 B. C.;HnIikhkhu8 
III, 909-889 B. C; Tiglathiinir II, 889-886 B. C; 
Asshnrnasirpal, 1,886-858 H. ().; Shahnaneser II, 
858-823 B. ().; Shamasiva 823-810 B. C; 
Hulikhkhns IV 810-781 B. C; Shahnaneser III, 
781-771 B. C; Asshurdamiril II, 771-753 B. C 



840 B. C; unknown until Rezin 



C; Tiglathpileser II, 
usurper 745-727 B.C.; Shahnaneser IV 727-721 B. 
C; Sargon (usurper) 721-705 B. C; Senacherib 
705-680 B. C; Esarhaddon 680-667 H. C; 
Asshurbanipal 667-647 B. C; Asshur-einiel-ilin, 
647-625 K. C. 



Though we have employed the above heading, 
we are inclined to divide Roman history into three 
grand periods; witli the following names: 

I The Roman kingdom, from 753-510 B. C. 

II The Roman Republic from 510-30 B. C. 

III The Roman Empire, proper from 30-B. 
C.-476 A. D. 

There are two theories of the origin of Rome 
and her dominion. 

/^I'rsl — The common legend assigns the build- 
ing of Rome and the establishment of the Roman 
kingdom to Romulus. 

Second — A Greek tradition, celebrated by 
Virgil, in the Enead, book III, section 14, and 
believed by most liomans in the days of the 
Empire, traced tlieir origin to a company of Trojan 
emigrants, led to the shores of Italy by Eneas, after 
the tall '>f Troy. 

For a full and able discussion of the events 
connected with this empire, embracing the extmc- 
tion of the "Western Empire: the banishment of 
Augustulus to the Lucullan Villa, and the decay of 
the Roman spirit, the student is referred to 
CTibl)on's Decline and Fall of the Romati Empire, 
vol. ii page 380, etc. 

MEDIAaVAL HISTORY. 

Mediaeval history begins with the fall of the 
Western Empire, A. D. 476, at the dawn of the 
period styled the Dark Ages. Geographically, 
mediaeval history is concerned with Europe and 
the adjacent coasts of Asia and Africa. The Dark 
Ages cover the history from the fall of the Western 
Empire to the establishment of the Feudal system 



ROMAN EMI'IRE FROM [753 B. C.-476 A. D.J 

476-1096 A. D. Thi 
distinct periods. 

First Period. 



r-JlUC. 



li eiiibraces three 



From the fall of the Western 
Empire, to the rise of the (jarlovingian Empire, 
476-732 \, D. During this ])eriod the Moslem 
power had its rise. "Mahommed, the camel driver 
of Mecca, in his journeys to the S^yrian fairs met 
travelers of all nations and religions." Me remarked 
the general confusion in their religious creeds, and 
''conceived the idea of raising upon the ruins of all 
these creeds, the worship of the One God, of whom 
he aspired to be considered the prophet and 
apostle." During this period, also, the Saracens 
crowded upon the Roman dominion and after a 
successful incursion, established, what is known as 
the Saracen Empire, which continued from about 
622-732 A. D. The tide of the Saracen invasion 
having rolled back, two powers are seen rising in 
the west. These jiowers are — The restored 
Roman empire, and the temporal sovereignty of the 
Popes, which together form the frame work of 
Mediaeval history. 

Second Period — From the battle of Tours to 
the battle of Fontenaye, 732-841 A. D. The San- 
guinary struggle of Fontenaye broke in pieces, 
the empire, which had grown stong by the powerful 
genius of Charlemagne, and b}' the subsequent 
treaty at Verdun, the dominions of this great gen- 
eral were divided between his three grand-sons; 
Lothaire, received Italy and adjoining territory; 
Louis the German, the countries east and north of 
the Rhine; Charles the Bald, received Gaul west 
of the Rhone and Saone. Germany dates her 



CUKO.NULUItY AM) CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 



national existence from the treaty of Verdun, 
A. D. S48. 

T/i/rd Period— Yiom the treaty i.l' N'enliin to 
tlie first crnsade, 84;5-loyt> A. D. 

This period ^vebirtli to three of tlie greatest 
nameb in liistory; Alford, the Great; William, the 
C'on(Hierur, and Pope Gregory VII, the famous 
lliidehraud. That <lreHry serfdom, the Feudal 
system, was developed at this time. This period 
also gave hirth to the Italian Republic. 

T/tc Crusades are generally assigned a distinct 
epoch in history, extending as tliey did from 1096- 
1291 A. D., thus c^nering about two centuries. 

Seven crusades were made fur the purpose of 

BABYLONIAN MONARCHY. 

Babylon had been governed for nearly five 
hundred years by Assyrian Viceroys, but revolted 
under Nabonassar in 747 H. 0. Merodach-baladan 
721-709 K C, who was dethroned by Senacherib, 
sent congratulations to Ilezekiah on his miraculous 
recovery. Esarhaddon (Assyrian) 680-067 B. C. 
Saosduduchimes (Assyrian) 667-047 B. C. Cinu- 
dadanus (Assyrian) 647-626 B. C. Nabopolassor 
restored the kingdom 625-604 B. C Nebuchad- 



recoveriiig Palestine and the Holy City from the 
dominion of Infidels during the remarkable conflict 
known as the Holy War. The sticrifice of blood 
and treasure extended over such a wide field, and 
rilled such a protiacted period as to render an 
estimate only ajiproximate. • At least two uiillion 
lives, and several billions of wealth were consumed 
by the hungry maw of the insatiable demon war, 
d)iring these two centuries of strife. 

Judged from its objective features, the war of 
the crusades was the most stupendous folly of the 
age; but judged from its results, in breaking the 
power of the Feudal system, it was a large c/)ntribu- 
tjr to the civilization of Europe. 



nezzar made captive of Jndah and laid Jerusalem 
in ashes 561 B. C. Evil Merodach 561-559 B. C. 
Assassinated. Nereglissor 559-555 B. C. Laboro- 
soarchoel 555 B. C. reigned nine months and was 
assassinated. Nabonadius 555-538 B. C, associated 
his son Belshazzar with him in the government. 
Defeated in battle with Cyrus, Babylon was 
captured, his son slain and himself made prisoner. 



MEliIAN MONAROUY, 



According to Ilerodutus the Males revolted, 
from Assyria in 740 B. C. and chose Deioces king 

The true history of the kingdom begins with 
the reign of Phraortes, 638 B. C, who w:is sIhIm in 
battle. 

He was succeetled on the throne by Cyaxares, 

MACEDONIAN KMPIKK AND KINGDOMS (700 B. C.-70 A. D) 

Exhibits three great historicid periods — B. C. 

I From the rise of the monarchy to the 
death of Alexander the Great, about 700-323 B. C. 
II From the death of Alexander to the l)attle 
of Ipsus 323-301 B. C. 

Ill The history of the several kingdoms into 
which Alexander's" empire was divided upon his 
death. 

First— The Syrian Kingdom 312-65 B.C. 

5ccw;rf— Egypt under the Ptolemies 323-30 



who reigned Irom 633-593 B. C. 

Astyages (or Darins) next ascended the tJironc, 
and exercised dominion over the Medes from 593- 
558 B. C, when the Medean monarchy was 
merged into the great Persian empire. 



B. C 



B. C. 



B. C 



/"///n/— Macedonia and Greece abo\i,t 323-301 

Fouih—T\\G Thracian Kingdom (uncertain.) 
Fifth— ThG Kingdom of Pargomus 283-130 

^Sixth—The Kingdom of Bithynia 331-74 



Seventh Tlie Kingdom of Pontns 363-66. B.C. 
^/^//M— Kingdom of Cappadocia (317 B. C- 

17 A. D.) 

7Vi«/A— Kingdom of Armenia (190 B. C.-79 

A. DJ 

7c«M— Kiiigdom of lioctria (255-150 B. C^ 
ElcvcfUh—ffi.TX\i\m empire (250 B. C.- 

226 A. D.) 

rzt'e^M— Judean kingdom (323 B. C.-44 A. D.^ 
This latter king«lom exhibits three historical 

periods. 

I From the fall of the Persian empire to the 
rise of an independent Jewish kingaom (323- 

168B. C.) • „ ^^ 

II The time of the MaoAbees (168-37 B. C.) 
Ill TJie time of the Herods (37 B. C.-44 A. D.) 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



FEBSIAN EMPIRK 

The Pasargadian house began with Achimenes 
650 B. C. and retnaine<i a dependency of the 
kingdom of Media until 558 B. C. when arevohition 
under Cyrns prepared tlie foundation for the great 
Persian Empire. 

Cyrus appeafed to have shared tlie government 
with Darius and was commander in chief of the 
army composed of Medo-Persian troops, which laid 
seige to the city of Babylon and finally captured 
that ancient strong hold by strategy 538 B. C. The 
capital of Chaldea thus fell into the hands of the 
Medo-Persians, and formed the third grand division 
of the New Empire. 

Adopting Archbishop Usher's Chronolog}' vre 
should reckon the begining of the Persian, Dyna 
ty, ])roper, from 538 B. C. 

Darius (or Astj-ages) reigned over the New 
Empire, but for a brief ]>eriod. His reign apjiears 
to have been characterize"! by great clemency toward 
his subjects and especially toward the captive Jews 
in his realm. 

A certain Jewish young man of talent named 
Daniel had been assigned to important service in 
the Empire, and a conseijuent jealously had been 
awakened among the Persian princes. 

Daniel was singled out as a special object of 
revenge, by these jirinces, and b}' a succession of 
intrigues, a decree was secured l)y which he was cast 
into the lions den, in hope of inflicting a cruel 
death. The story of his miraculous escape and its 
influence upon the history of his time will be found 
in the Bible. (Daniel vi chapter.) 

Cyrus succeeded his grandfather Darius about 
534 B. C. 

The conflicting accounts, of the relationship 
and history of Darius and Cyrus, given by Herod- 
otus and Xenopbon are generally rejiardcd as in- 
capable of reconciliation, we have, therefore endeav- 
ored to ascertain as nearly as possible, the facts of 
this history from the Biblical record. 

In his wars with Croesus, KingofLydia, Cyrus 
was victorious, but when he turned his arms against 
the Scyhtiau Queen Tomyeis he was defeated and 
taken prisoner in a bloody battle 529 B. C. 

It is said the victorious queen who had lost 
her son in a previous encounter, was so incensed 
against Cyrus, that she cut ofl^his head, and threw 



;— (650-321 B. Q.) 

it into a vessel* filled with human blood; crying. 
"Satisfy thyself with the blood for which tliou hast 
thirsted." 

Cambyses, so n of Cyrns, succeded to the Per- 
sian throne, and reigned from 529-522 B. C. Af- 
ter a short, but eventful reign of seven years this 
monarch perished with a mortal wound, accidentally 
inflicted by his own sword, while mounting his 
horse. 

Gomates, the Artaxerxes of the Bible, usurped 
the throne upon the death of Cambyses, and reigned 
from 522-521 B, C. 

By this monarch the work of rebuilding 
Jerusalem which had been decreed by Cyrus, was 
suspended. (Ezra, chapter iv.) 

The honor of royalty and the vestitures of 
authrity were soon wrested from him, as within 
the space of one year he was dethroned and slain. 

Darius II ascended the throne and reigned 
from 521-486 B. C. 

During the political commotioiib »f the 
previous reign, Babylon had revoted from Persian 
rule, but was now returned to her former allegiance, 
by the new n)onarch. 

This reign a])pears to have been peaceful as it 
was protracted. Somewhere about 519 B. C. 
Darius having discovered in the palace at Achnietiia, 
the former decree of Cyrus foi- the building of "the 
house of God at Jarusalem." Renewed the 
instructions with a further decree [Ezra vi 
6-12] which enabled the Hebrews to 
begin afresh the work of restoring and enibelishing 
the temple in the beloved city. "And they (the 
elders of the Jews) builded and finished, according 
to the commandment of the God of Israel, and 
according to the commandment of Cyrus, and 
Dariu^, and Artaxerxes, King of Persia." 



CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 



64 



Xerxes I succeeded his father 'to the throne 
486-465 B. C. 

He attempted to retrieve the disgrace of tlie 
battle of Marathon, lost by his father, and in 480, 
B. C, began his celebrated campaign against the 
Greeks. His army consisted of 2,641,000 soldiers, 
when he arrived at Thermopylae. In the battles 
of Salamis and Plataea, the Persians were utterly 
defeated. In the midst of his greatness and defeat, 
Xerxes was cut down by the bloody hand of the 
assassin. 

Artaxerxes I, son of the preceding monarch, 
now ascendeii the throne, and administered the 
government from, 465-425 B C. 

This King is supposed to be the Ahasuerus 
of the Scriptures, as seen in the book of Estlier. 

The event which more especially marks this 
long reign, is the issuing of two decrees in the inter- 
ests of the Jewish captives. 

The first issued in 458 B C. and recorded in 
the book of Ezra, Chap. VII 11-26 

The second, issued in 445 B. C. and recorded 
in the book of Nehemiah, Chap. II. 6-8. 

This monarch was followed in the Persian 
throne by his son. 

XERXES n 425 b. c. 

Tills reign which seems to have opened 
auspiciously, was cut short in the brief period of 
45 days, by the hand of the crnel assassin Sogdianus, 
who aspired to the throne. 

Sogdianus, the cruel half brother of Xerxes, 
succeeded to the throne in 425 B. C. and reigned a 



little more than six months when he was dethroned 
and put to death. 

Darius III, [orOchusj also half-brother to 
Xerxes now ascended the throne, from 424-405 B.C. 

Artaxerxes II succeeded his father in the throne 
from 405-359 B. C. 

Cyrus, brother to the reigiiiug King, heads a 
rebellion against the Persian government and is 
aided by Greek auxiliaries. 

The Rebellion is put down by the Persian 
arms. Cyrus is slain in the battle of Cuuaxa, and 
the Greek allies now numbering 10,000 make their 
memorable retreat under Xenophon. 

A very interesting account of this Rebellion 
may be found in Xenophon's Anabasis. 

Artaxerxes III, [or Ochus] the next occupant 
of the throne, from 359-338 B. C, was one of the 
greatest warriors, but the most cruel tyrant of hie 
age. This King was poisoned by Bagoas, an Egyp- 
tian, who fal his flesh to cats an-1 dogs, and made 
sword handles of his bones. 

Arses succeeded his father in 338-336 B. C, 
after a brief reign of two years, he was succeeded 

Darius IV from 336-331 B. C. This monarch 
was grandson of Darius III. 

After a reign of five years he was defeated in 
the battle of Issus by Alexander the great, and 
finally overthrown by Alexander in the terrible 
battle of Arbela. While attempting to escape from 
the battle field he was slain by his own satrap 
Bessus. 



CHIiONOLOGY AISD COiiTEMPOJRANEOUS HISTORY 



GERMAN GOVKBNMENT. 

Germany like Gaul was anciently occupied by 
numerous tribes some of wliicli only were subjuojated 
by the Romans after a vevy tierce and prolonged re- 
sistance. We first meet their armies confronting 
the Roman legions under the celebrated Roman 
(General Caius Marius J}. C. 102, in tlie Rattle of 
Vercellae near Milan, July 30, 101, B. C. The 
Germans were repulsec], and }iuall\- met an over- 
whelmniiig defeat; 74,n()0 were either slain or 
taken prisoner by Marius. In 55 B. C, Jnlius 
Caesar crossed the /{hinc and invaded Germany; 
but little was accomplisod. It wsis afterward con- 
•juered by Charlemagne, about A. D. 800, who 
Kxed his imperial'residence in Germany. He was 
strongl}' opposed by the Saxons who occupied a 
large portion of Germany; but succeeded in estab- 
lishing the same dynasty which his father Pojun 
had erected in Fiance A. D. 752. 

CAELOVINOIAN DYNASTY,(A. D. 800-911.) 

(For names of Kniperors and ])eriod of reign 
see Chart for France.) The Saxions linally gained 
the ascendency and established the 

SAXON DYNASTY (a. D. 911-1273.) 

Conrad I A. I). 91 1-9 IS.- 
Henry I 918-936. 

Otiiu I A. I). 936-973; crowne(l by Pope 
John XII in 902. 

Otho II A. D. 973-983, was the author of a 
bloody massacre, and met a deserved fate in a mortal 
wound received by a |x»isoned arrow. 

-Otho III A. D. 983-1002. Poisoned. 

Henry II A. D. 1002-1024. 

Conrad II A. D. 1024-1039. 

Henry III A. D. 1039-1056. 

Henry IV A. D. 1056-1106. Excommuni- 
cated by Pope Piischal II and dejiosed by his son. 
Henry V A. D. 110(5-1125, married the daughter 
of Henry the 1 of England. 

LothairellA. D. 1125-1138. 

Conrad III A. D. 1138-1152. 

Fredrick Barborassa A. I). 1152-1190. 

Henry VI A. D. 1190-1198 detained Rich- 
ard I of England in captivity. 

Philip A. D. 1198-1208. Assassinated. 

Otho IV A. D. 1208-1212. Excommunica 
ted and deposed. 

Fredrick II A. D. 1212-1250 deposed and 
Henry Landgrave elected in his stead. 



Conrad IV A. D. 1250— deprived of his 
throne by the Pope who bestowed the crown upon 
William Earl of Holland. 

William A. D. 1250-1255. The electors 
could not agree upon a successor. 

IIOUSKS OF HAl-SBURO, HXEMBURG AND BAVARIA, A. 

D. 1273-1410. 
Rodolph of Ilapsburg A. D. 1273-1291. 

INT£RUEGNU.M. 

Adolphus of Nassau A. D. 1292-1298 to the. 
exclusion of Albert Rodolph's son; deposed and 
slain at the battle of Spires. 

Albert Duke of Austira .\. D. 1298-1308 
son of Rodolph; assassinated by his i^ephew. 

Henry VII ofLu.\emburg . A. D. 1308-1313. 

^NTKURKGNUM. 

lAinis IV of Bavaria A. D. 1314-1347. 
Fredrick III his rival died 1330. 

Charles IV of Luxemburg A. D. 1347-1378. 

Wenceslans of Bohemia A. D. 1378-1400. 

Fredrick Duke of Brunswick . A. D. 1400 
— murdred as soon as elected. 

Rupert Count Palatine of the Rhine A. D. 
1400-1410. 

Jossus Marquess of Moravia A. D. 1410- 
1438. Died 1411. 

Segismund King of Hungary A. D. 1410- 
1438. Chosen by two parties of electors. 

The latter was chosen King of P.ohemia in 1419. 

HOUSK OF AUSTRIA — A. D. 1438-1792. 

-Vlbert II Duke of Austria A. D. 1438-1439 
King of Hungary and Bohemia. 

INTERREGNUM. 

Frederick IV A. D. 1440-1493. 

Maximilian A. D. 1493-1519 his son. 

Charles V-I of Spain A. D. 1519-15»6 grand- 
son of Fredrick IV abdicated. 

Ferdinand I A. D. 1558-1564 King of Hun- 
gary, brother of Charles V. 

Maximilian HAD. 1504-157t> son of Fred- 
rick, and King of Bohemia and Hungary. 

Rodolph II A. D. 1576-1612 son of Maximil- 
ian II. 

Matthi;i.s A. 1). 1612-1619 brother of Ro- 
dolph II. 

Ferdinand II A. D. 1019-1637 cousin of 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



Rodolpli, sou of the Arcli Duke Charles of Hungary . 

Fenlinaiul III A. 1). 1(j37-1<)5.S son of Fer- 
dinand II. 

Leopold I A. D. 1658-1705 son of Ferdinand 
III. 

Joseph I A. D. 1705-1711 son of Leopold I. 

Charles VI A. D. 1710-174O brother of Jo 
sepli, succeeded by his daughter. 

Maria Theresa A. D. 1740-1742. Queen of 
Hungary and I)ohcniia, wliose right to tlie Empire 
was sustained by England. 

Charles VII A. D. 1742-1745. Elector of 
Bas'aria, whose claim was supported l)y France. 
Thecro\vn was contested in a general War. Charles 

HKITISH (iOVKKNMKNT 

Tlie Ikttle of Ilasting.s in whiclt*Ilarold 11 led 
the Englisli and Williiini the Concjuei'or, the Nor- 
mans decided in favor of tlie latter and England 
passed under Norman rule from InOC. to-ll!»l) 
A. D. 

William I of England reigned from 106(1-1087. 
A. D. 

Events of this reign. The revolts of the En- 
glish 1067. A. D. Insurrections during 10(iS-'J 
A. D- 

Warwith France and death of King William 
1087. A. D. * 

William II succeeded his father on tlic tlirone 
of England 10S7-1100. A. I). 

The King was a bachelor and having been 
slain (according to one account) by accident while 
engaged hunting with iiis fi-iend Walter Tyrel was 
succeeded by his brotlier. 

HENRY I (UOO-liyO. A. D.) 

Henry died in Normandy Dec. Ist, 1135 ajid 
was succeeded by his nephew Stc|)hen. JMatilda 
the daughter of Henry I by the will of her father 
was heir to the throne, but Stephen her cousin 
usurped the power, and was anointed king by tlie 
Archbishop of Canterbury Dec. 26th, 1135. 
Matilda contested the title and powerfully aided by 
Robert Earl of Gloucester, finall)- ca])tured Stephen 
and having loaded him with irons threw him into 
prison. Civil war ensued,- but by a negotiation of 
the great men on both sides it was agreed that 
Stephen sliould possess the crown during his life- 



died in 1745. 

Francis I A. D. 1745-1765. of Lorraine, 
Grand Duke of Tuscany,Consort of Maria Theresa. 

JoseiJi II A. D. 1765-1790 son of Francis 1 
and Maria Theresa. 

Leopold II A. D. 1790-1792. brother of Joseph 
11. 

Francis II A. D. 1792-18(14. son of Leopold. 
In 1804 this monarch took the title of Em])er-- 
or of Austria only. 

The different confederations formed by the 
German States, were finally disrujited in 1865. The 
new Empire was founded in 1871. 

R. C. 55-A. D. J^7.s. 

time and that upon his demise Henry the mhi of 
Matilda should succeec to tlie kingdom. Stejilien 
reigned from (A. I). 1135— 1154V 

MOUSE OF I'J-ANTAGKNKT, A. D. 1154 1199. 

HKXKY II (A. D. 1154—1189) 

Tlic Monarch who now ascended the throne was 
tiie first rnlor of this house. The name Plantagenet 
was derived frotn the S})anish Bhiida goiirta 
("brown plant") a sprig of which was worn 
1)3' Henry's father in his hat. Henry like King 
David was dethroned by his son, but the condu«tof 
the two was(piite dissimilar. The former "bestowed 
upon Ins ungrateful children'" a malediction whicfi 
he never could be prevailed on to retract. The 
latter forgave tlie conduct of liis unnatural son 
saying "woiddtiint I had died for the Oh Absolem 
ni}- son my son." 

uiciiAKi) 1 (A. D. lls!>-1199.) 

The compunctions of Richard for his undutiful 
behavior toward his father had a decided influence 
upon his reign. II is coronation was signalized by 
the Jewish Massacre but withoutthe King's orde''- 
He joined in tne crusade; concluded a truce with 
Saladin in favor of the christians in ' Palestine; 
returning home was captured and imprisoned by 
Henry VI Emperor of German}-. By interposition 
and ransom was released and after a rciicirl-.jble 
journey reached England, in 1194 A. I). 

.loHN (1199-1216 A. D.) 

The youngest son of Henry II now ascended 



CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPOKANEOUS HISTORY 



the throne. During tliis reio;n the Saxon and 
Xorman latifjiiages were suplitnentcd by the English 
tongue; the foundation hiid and much of the 
superstructure raised of those liberties which are 
still the glory and the safety of theEnglisli Nation- 
Durinjj this reiurn also a staiuliii;' annv was first 
livied and an annnal election of Loi-d Mayor and 
SlieriflTsof the city of London instituted. 

Submission was made at this time by the 
English people to Innocent III Pope of Rome. 

HENRY III (A. D. 1216-1272.) 

Succeeded to the throne. The coronation of 
Henry occurred at Gloucester on Oct. 28th 1216 
only eleven days after the death of his father. As 
the yoBHg King \»as but, nine years of age the earl 
of Pembroke "was chosen protector of the realm.'' 

KDWAKD I (A. 1). 1272-1327). 

Was crowned at Westminster. Aug. l!>th 1274. 
Prominent among the events of this reign were the 
Conquest of Wiiles, and persecfution and banishment 
of the Jews from England to the number uf 10,311 
A. D. 1290. They were not allowed a residence 
in England again until the time of the Common- 
wealth A. D. 1649; wars with Philip of France 
and troubles with Scotland embarrassed tiiis. reign. 
In a battle with the Scots the bravo WilfTam 
Wallace was captured and subse(juently e.xecuted 
by order of the King in Smithficld England A. D. 
1305. Robert Bruce avenged the death of his 
countryman and rescued the liberties of Scotland 
by a decisive victory over the English led by 
Edward II at ^Jannockhnrn June 25th 1314 A. D. 

EDWARD 11 (A. D. 1327-) 

Succeeded to the throne but was deposed by 
his Queen Igal)ella and executed in a must horrible 
manner at Berkley Castle by authority' of the 
Queen's paramour Roger Mortimer a Welsh baron. 

EDWARD m (1327-1377 A.D.) 

Ascended the throne at the age of fourteen but 
the real power was in the hands of Isabella and 
Mortimer. Finally in 1330 Mortimer met his 
deserved fate and by authority of Parliament was 
hanged on a gibbot at Tyburn. The Queen was 
confined to her own house at Risings near London 
and Edward assumed the reins of goveniment for 
himself. Further troubles with Scotland, and war 



with France ensued the latter occasioned by Eeward's 
claim to the crown of France through his mother 
Isabella. The King was successful in two memor. 
able engagements with the French ; the bloody 
battle Crecy Aug 26 1346 where the English used 
artillery — and the French and their allies lost full 
60,000 troops; and the battle of Poitura Sept 19th 
1356 in wliich King John of France was captured, 
and taken by the Prince of Wales (styled the black 
prince) a prisoner .to England. By a sebsecjnent 
treaty May Sth 1360 Edward renounced all claim to 
the crown of France on payment by the French of 
3,000,000 crowns of gold as a ransom for their king. 
The treaty was again broken, and in 1369 
Edward by advise of Parliament resumed the title 
of King of France. The Prince of Wales, by 
far the most noble and brilliant military leader of 
his age, died af^ter a lingering illness June Sth, 1376. 
The King's death occurred soon after that of his* 
son June 21st 1377 leaving the throne to be filled 
by his grandson. The most popular law enacted 
in this reign was the statute "which limited high 
treason to three principle heads — conspiring the 
death of the king, levj'ing war against him, and 
adhering to his enemies." Edward III may be 
called the Father of English Commerce. 

RICHARD II (A. I). 1377-1399.) 

Richard, son of the Black Prince, upon whom 
the crown devolved, was but eleven years of age, 
and theEnglisli Lords "elected a council to conduct 
the ordinary course of business." The young 
king w<vs crowned at Westminster, July 16th, 
Among the noted events of this reign were — tlie 
labor insurrection in 1381; the death of John 
Wickliffe, the Cautious Reformer, 1385, the es- 
tablishment of the first newsjjaper published in 
England, 1386; and the remarkable achievement 
in literary work by (reoffry Chaucer, the father 
of English jwetry. Richard was deposed by the 
suffrage of both houses on the charge of tyrrany and 
misconduct in 1399 and with his turbulant reign 
ended the House of Plantagenet. 

THE HOUSE OF LANCASTER, (A. D. 1399-1461.) 

Henry IV, A. D. 1399-1413, usurped the 
throne of England having wrested the crown from 
the Earl of March who was the rightful heir. This 
reign is marked by Romish persecutiotis. William 



10 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



Santre was burned at the stake 140], and otlier 
cruelties perpetrated by the adherents of the new 
administration. The power of the coninions was 
augmented during this reign. 

Henry the V, A. D. 1413-U22, succeeded 
his father to the throne. Tlie princijile events of 
this reign were tlie persecution of the Lollards, or 
followers of Wicklitfe; (among others tlieir leader, 
Cobham was executed.) Tiie battle of Agrincourt 
•Oct. 25, 1415, between the English forces, coui- 
mauded by the king in person, and the French 
forces led by the dauphin and "all the princes oftlie 
blood." 

"No battle, says Hume, was ever more fatal to 
France b}' the niimber of princes and nobility slain 
or taken prisoner." This j>rince who possessed 
many virtues died at the early age of 35 years, and 
•left the throne to liis infant son. The duke of 
Bedford was appointed protector. Soon after the 
King's death, Catherine, liis widow, married Sir 
Owen Tudor, irrand-fatber itf Henry A'll. 

Henry \'I, (A. D. 1422-14G1 ) now ascended 
the throne. A noted event of this reign was the 
success of the French under the leadership of Joan 
of Arc (or Maid of Orleans) who was finally cap- 
tured by the English and burned in the Market 
place of Rouen . (June 14, 1431.) 

The King fell into a distemper which render- 
ed him incapable of maintaining tlie place of roy- 
alty, hence the Queen and council appointed tin- 
Duke of York lieutenant oftlie Kingdom, and ])ar- 
liainent conferred the further title of protector dur- 
ing pleasure. 1454. 

The following year. the King having recovered 
his health, annulled the ])rotectorship. The duke 
of York then levied an army^a battle was fought 
at St. Albans, May 23, 1455. The duke of Somer- 
set, the King's favorite was slain and the King him- 
self captured. This was the first blood spilt in that 
fatal f|uarrel, which continued full 30 years, which 
was signalized by 12 ])itclied battles, co.'-it the lives 
of 80 princes, and almost entirely annihilated the 
ancient nobility of England. 

TUK noIISK OF YOKK. A. D. 14t!l-l 4^.">. 

Edward IV, A. D. 14<U-14S3. This prince at 
tlie age c>f twenty years assumed the crown, and 
became the first ruler of the above named house. 

He was the eldest son vf the duke of York and 



by nature well fitted for the work of the Kingdom. 

The leading event of this reign was "the war 
of the Roses." The white and the red rose were the 
symbols of the houses of York and Lancaster Ye- 
si)ecti vely . ( 1 455-1 48(j.') 

Edward V, A. D. 1483. Edward was but 12 
years of age at the death of his father; accordingly 
the King liad nominated the duke of Gloucester 
regent. The ambitious Gloucester caused the ex- 
ecution of the earl of Rivers,(the most accomplished 
nobleman in England, to whom she was indebted 
for the introduction of the art of printing) under 
whose care the young j)ririce was left. Subsequent- 
ly he caused the execution of the ycmng King and 
the royal ])rinces. They were siWocated in their 
beds by the inhuman Tyrrel. 

irichard III, A. I). 14S3-1485. Richard suc- 
ceeded his nephew to the throne. (_)ne of his first 
acts was to load the famous Buckingham (who had 
assisted him in usur|)ing the crown) with grants 
and honors. But the universal detestation of Rich- 
ard's conduct turned the attention of th'e nation to- 
ward Henry the earl of Richmond. 

A union of the roses was effected by a marriage 
of the earl of Richmond to Princess Elizabeth, cl- 
de.-^fcidaughter of King Edward lY. 

Richard sought to defeat this union and ad- 
vanced to meet Henry \^\vho was now on his way 
from France.) They met on tlie field of Bosworth, 
where after a desperate encounter, Richard was 
slain, and Henry advanced in Vriiimjih to Leicester 
(August 22, 1485.) 

The ]H'riod of the I'lantagenets forms one of 
the iiio^t iiii)iortaiit ci)Ochs of English history. 

The law was administered by three courts, viz: 
The King's bendi, tlie common pleas, and tlie ex- 
che<iuer. A rich litei'aturc had been produced, 
adorned with the names of Chaucer and Gower of 
Wicklille and Mandeville. The principles of the 
Reformation were developed and promulgated du- 
ring this period. 

THK IIOUSK OK TlOoK. (A. I). 1485-1603.) 

Henry VII, (A. D. 1485-1501)) the earl of 
Richmond though not entitled to the throne, was 
crowned on the 30th of October 14S5, by the Arch- 
bisho]) of Canterbury. 

The accession of the Tudors' to the English 



CURONOLOGY AND COXTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 



11 



throne is nearly coincident with tl)e proper era of 
modern history. * 

Tlie distinguishin": liistoriciil feature of tlie 
reifpi of the Tudors is tlie progress and Snal estiih- 
lisliuient of the Reformation. Civil freedom was 
also encouraged diii'ino; tliis period. 

Henry died of consumption, Ajiril 25, 1509. 
Bacon compares him with Kouis XI, of France and 
Ferdinand of Spain, and describes the three as 
''the (res )nagi of Kinjjs of those ai^cs"— the great 
masters of kingcraft. 

King Henry particicipated in the American 
discoveries, and tlirongh Schastian Cal)Ot, may be 
said to liave discovered tlic main land of the 
North American Continent. (14!t8.) 

Henry VIII, (A. D. 1509-ir)47) who succeed- 
ed his lather to the throne, celebrat€ftl his marriage 
with the infant Catherine (June 7) and the King 
and Queen were crowned at Westminster on the 
24th of June, 1509. Th* princijwil events of this 
reign were the celebrated battle of "Flodden Field" 
between King James of Scotland and the earl of 
Surray. 

Divorce of Catharine of Aragon, which resulted 
ig the establishment of the Episcojial church iii 
England. The remarkable promotion and final fall 
of cardinal Wolsey. Parliament declared the King 
•'the only supreme head in Eartli of the Church of 
England." 

F'irst complete copy of the English liible print- 
el. (1536.) 

Henry excommunicated by the Pope, who de- 
livered his 60u1 over to the devil, and his dominions 
to the first invader. (1538.) 

The King founded Trinity college, Cambridge, 
and cardinal Wolsey founded Christ church, (Ox- 
ford, intending tt> c^lhit Cardinal college, but upon 
'his fall," the King took possession of the revenues 
and changed the name. Wolsey founded at Oxford 
the first chair for teaching Greek. 

Edward VI, (A. D. 1547-1553) wjvs but 10 
years of age at the death of his father, hence the 
King had appointed 16 executors, to whom during 
his minority he entrusted the government. 

By the executors, Hertford, the duke of Som- 
erset, the King's uncle, was chosen protector. 

Archbishop Cranmer was appointed by the 
King, the leader of a commisNon of 30 persons to 



* Note— Historical criticism haa led u« to llx the date Tor the begiunhig of the 



proceed against all heretics — Baptists were specially 
mentioned in the commission. On the 13th of 
Jan. 1551. George Van Pare, a Dutch Baptist 
was burned in Sinithtield; and the torch of perse- 
cution swept the ranks of the dissenters. 

Edward died of consumption (July 6, 1553) in 
the 16th year ot his age. "In pace requiescat." 

Mary A. D. 1553-1558. The Queen was de- 
clared legitimate by an act of parliament. Henry's 
divorce ot Catharine of Aragon, (the Queens moth- 
er) pronounced by Cranmer, was annulled. Mary 
was now prepared to begin the work of restoring 
the Catholic religion. Dungeons, racks and scaffolds 
were summoned to her aid, and England fairly ran 
with blood. Cranmer, Ridley and Latimer were 
among the famous BishojjS of the Church of Eng- 
land who paid the foifeiture of their religious con- 
victions amid the jlames of martyrdom. After an 
unfortunate and bloody reign of five years, Mary died 
of a lingering fever, Nov. 17, 1558. Intercourse 
was opened between England and the Eastern em- 
pire of Muscovy, in this reign. , 

Elizabeth A. D. 1559-1603 succeeded her 
sister, and her coronation took place Jan. 13, 1559 
Bishop Carlisle performing the ceremony. The 
House of Commons addressed the Queen, "that she 
should fix her choice of a husband." She decliiied 
saying, she desired no fairer remembrance than this 
inscription on her tombstone: "Here lies Elizabeth 
who lived and died a maiden Queen." The leading 
events of this reign were: The Reformation in Scot- 
land, under the lead of John Knox; the assistance 
of the French Huguenots by the Queen and her ex- 
communication by the Pope. The rise of the Puri- 
tans; the massacre of St. Bartholomew, August 
i?A, 1572, (/. c.) the cold l>looded murder at Paris of 
Admiral Coligny with 500 noblemen and gentle- 
men and nearly 10,000 persons of inferior rank,, by 
order of King Charles. 

For this atrocety the nobility and gentry of 
England were greatly indignant and offered to raise 
and support an arm}' for the invasion of France; 
the Queen would not consent. 

The expidition ot Sir Thomas Drake under 
the auspices of the Queen (he was the first com- 
niander-in-diief who sailed round the world.) 1577. 

The Babington conspiracy or attempt upon 
the life of the Queen by Roftiish priests, 1586; 

modern era, at 1600. i. e. near the cloee of the reign of the Todors. 



12 



SAWYEK'S CHART OF 



Mary Queen of Scots was in leas^ue with the 
conspirators; at lengtli tlie conspiracy was 
discovered, and tlie parties brought to trial, 
fourteen were condemned and executed. The trial 
of Mary was then taken up, and on the 25 of Oct. 
1586 sentence of death pronounceil upon lier. 
Executed Feb. 8, 1587. Trouble with Spain — 
defeat of the Invincable Artnada, 1588. The Irish 
rebellion. 1598-lfi02. The dominion of the 
English over Ireland, though established in about 
12()(», liad been merely nominal up to tlie O'Neal 
rebellion. O'Neal had been created Earl of Tyrone. 
The Irish were at first successful. The Earl of 
Essex, commander-in-cKief of the British forces 
landed at Doiiblin, April 1591). Terms of peace 
were finally agreed U})on, but not being approved 
by the Queen, Essex was ordered to remain in 
Ireland, was subsequently disgraced, engaged in an 
insurection, arrested, tried, condemned and execnteil 
Feb. 25, 1601. In 1602, Tyrone made an absolute 
surrendered and the Irish rebellion ended. ( )n the 
2-t*of March, 1603, having named the King of 
Scots, as her successor, the Virgin Queen, quietly 
passed away, having reigned forty-five years, ami 
in her death closed tlie reign of the House of Tudor, 
which had extended over 117 years, four months 
and twenty-five days. 

THK IIOI'SK OF STUAKT — (A. D. 1603-1688.) 
James I, A. D. 1603-1025 This prince 
signalized his accession by distributing a i)rofusion 
of titles; in three months after his arrival in 
England he is said to have bestowed not less than 
700 knighthoods. He made considerable parade of 
learning and was flattered by his courtiers as the 
British Solomon; but the Duke of Sully charac- 
terized him as the most learned fool in christindom. 
Events of this reign, worthy of special notice are 
the gunpowder plot, 1604; the romantic career of 
Sumerset, 1609-1651; commencement of English 
colonization in America, 1606; translation of our 
common version of the bible. 1611; execution of 
Sir Walter Raleigti 1618; fall of Lord Bacon 1621; 
discovery of the refraction of light bv Sirrellius. 
1624. 

Charles I, A. D. 1625-J6!I4, Marries the 
French princess Heniretta and begins the adminis- 
tration of the government in the twenty-fifth 3-ear 
^ of his age. Events of his reign : War with France 



and Spain; another rebellion in Ireland ; insurrec- 
tion in Scotland ; opposition to the liturgical service; 
institution of the Long Parliament Nov. 3, 1640; 
impeachment and execution of the Earl of Straffoyd, 
(one of tlie most eminent personages thatShas ap- 
peared in England,) 1641. Beginning of the civil 
waf, Aug. 22, 1642. Battle of Edge Hill, Oct. 23d, 
in which the king's forces were defeated by the 
inyirgents under (ren. Oliver Cromwell. Trial and 
sentence of King Charles by the ten regicides and 
his execution by order of Cromwell, .fan. 30, 1643. 
The establishment of newspapers, occured during 
this reign. Among the great scliolars who lived 
and wrote at this time, those most wildly known are 
William Harvey, 1578-1657; John MHton, 1608-^ 
1674; Robert Boyle, 1627-16!>1; John Locke, 
16:VJ 1704; Isaac Newton, 1642-1727. 

TIIK COMMOXWKAI-TH. (A. 1). 1649-1660.) 

Cromwell di.ssol\es thelong TarliamentJ Apl. 20. 
1653.') and assembles a new Parliament, composed 
of representatives (P^ngland 128.) (Scotland 5.) (Ire- 
Irtiuhi.) upon whom he devolved the whole authori- 
ty ot the state. 

This Parliament assembled (July 4) composed 
largely of fifth monarchy men, anabaptists and 
Inde|iendents. "They began by seeking God by 
prayer." ( If nme.l In Dec. -Sydenham, an Inde- 
pendent proposed, that the Parliament should 
resign its power into the hands of Cromwell, 
liouse, the speaker, immediately left the chair and 
the majority followed. The few who remained 
in the house were expelled by Col. White, with a 
body of soldiers. Cromwell received the title .of 
"His Highness, the Lord Protector," and a coun- 
cil was aj>|)ointe<.I. 

England was divided by tiie protectorMnto 11 
military jurisdictions, each presided over by a Major 
(Tcneral. Impprtant events: War with Spain, and 
aC(|nisitioii of Jamaica. Death of the celebrated Ad- 
miral Drake, just after the naval battle of Santa Cruz. 

On the 3rd of Sept. 1658, Oliver Cromwell . 
passed away ; and was succeeded in the protector- 
ship by his elder son Richard. The new protector 
wanted the abilities of his father, and unequal to 
the task assigned him, siirrcTided the protectorship 
(Apl. 22,1660.) '' 



chuonoi/xtY and contemporaneous history 



18 



KKSTORATION OK TIIK STL'^KTS. (May 8, IfiHO.^ 

Charles II, i,A. D. I66O-I680.) iiscends tlie 
t.iii-ijiie in his 3i)th year, inarritw Catliariiu' of 
Pnrtiifral. (^hief events of thisrciwii — Tiie trial and 
ijondeiiination of the rej?icidet>. Harrison, Scot, 
{'arew, Clement, Jones and Scnuipe were executed, 
('roniwell, Irunton and Bradshaw were disinterred, 
lianired on the ;^allows at Lylmrn, then decapitat- 
ed. War with Holland, Fel"). 22, 1065. 

Tiie plagne in London, by which 100,000 \)ev- 
sons perished in one year. (lOdri.i The great fire 
in the same year; T3,000 houses reduce<l to ashes, 
in the war with Holland nothing was <rained save 
the aqnisition of New York. 

The comparative failure of the war « as rharg- 
(HJ upon chancellor Clarendon, who was removed 
from office and banished. In iiis exile lie wrote a 
history of the civil wars. Thos. I)elanne(a Ra])tist) 
was starved in Newgate for his religion (U''^")i and 
eight thousand discenters sntl'ered a like fate. 

War with Holland renewed, in alliance with 
Fraiice; William, jjrince of Orange, ofters success- 
ful resistance, and jteace is again made with Eng- 
land. 

In lt>77 a marriage was ett'ected Iwitween Wil- 
liam and Princess Mary, the elder ilanghter of the 
Duke of York. The following year (1078) jieace 
was signed between France and Holland. '•The 
I>pish Plot" (1678) 

Insurrection in Scotland (1079.) The unjust 
execution of Algernon Sidney, by the notorious chief 
justice Jeffreys (Dec. 7, 1083). King Charles died 
in the lioman Catholic faith (Feb. 0, 1085.) "He 
never said a foolish thing, nor ever did a wise one." 

James II. (A. I). 1 085-1 0S8.) Succeefle<l his 
brother to the throne. The duke of Monmouth 
who had distinguished himself in "the Rye House 
Plot" during the reign of Charles II, and had been 
banished b}' that prince, invadetl England, with a 
small force, was defeated and captured, condemned 
and executed (July 15, 1685.) The seven Bishops 
thrown into the Tower by Popish influence. (April 
1088.) Protestants outraged by the ciniduct of 
the King, invite William, prince of Orange, to de- 
liver them from their oppressions. The Orange in- 
vasion (Nov. 5th 1688.) The King abandoned by 
his people was captured, but allowed to retire into 
France. 



By a vote of both houses the throne was de- 
clared vacant. The crown was settled (January 33, 
1089.) upon the Prince and Princess of Orange 
(daughter of James II.) The administration to re- 
main in the Prince. Princess Anne of Denmark to 
succeed after the death of William and Mary. 
William and Mary accepted the crown and were 
proclaimed King and Queen of England, France 
and Ireland. (Feb. 13.) 

William and Mary (A. D. 1059-1702) crowned 
by the Bishop of London April 11th, under the 
title of William III. The Prince of Orange began 
the ailministration of the government, which the 
people of England had cheerfully transferred from 
his uncle and father-in«law to himself. 

James attempts the recovery of his kingdom 
by the aid of the French and Irish. The celebrated 
battle of the Boyne (July 1690) decided the fate of 
the late King William and James led their re- 
spective commands in ])erson. 

Death of Queen Mary ,( Dec 28, 1094.) Important 
legislation during this reign, the bill of rights and 
act of settlement. Death of James II (Sep. 10 1701) 
followed by that of William III (injured by the 
falling of his horse) on Feb. 8, 1702. 

giKKN AN.VE (A. D. 1702-1714.) 

By virtue of the act of parliament — 1689, Anne 
of Denmark was proclaimed Queen, on the Sth of 
March 1702. Her coronation occurred at West- 
minster, April 23d. Tlie leading events of this 
reign were: The remarkable advancement of the 
Duke of Marlborough, by the favor of the Queen, 
who settled upon him a iiension of £5,000, and 
assiirned him to the chief command of the British 
, forces; the prevalence of the great storm in England, 
by which whole forests were uprooted, the city of 
London was damaged to the amount of £1,000,000; 
twelve ships of the Royal navy were cast away, and 
15,000 seamen lost; the celebrated battle of Blen- 
heim. August 13, 1704, between the allied forces 
under Marlborough and Prince Eugene, and the 
Bavarians and French led by the Elector and 
Marshall Tallard. • This field won by the English 
and their allies, decided the fate of Germany. Peace 
was concluded at Berlin, with, Fredrick William I, 
King of Prussia. Tliis was one of the most 
important victories in the struggle known as "the 



14 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



war of the Spanish succession;'" the battle of 
Ra^nillics, May 23, 170^), gave to England almost all 
Spanish Flanders; a union with Scotland was 
subsequently eft'ected, in 1707; tho treaty of 
Utrecht, wiiich involved great ))olitical issues, was 
ratified, March 31, 1713; the fame of Marll)orougli 
which had advanced so rapidly toward the zenith 
until now, began suddenly to decline, and tlie polite 
commander stung witii reproacli. retired to the 
continent; Queen Anne expired at Kensington. 
after a stormy reign of twelve years, August 1, 1714. 

noi'SE OF URUNswicK, (A. D. 1714—1878) 
OKOROE I (A.D. 1714-1727.) 

The Prince who now ascended the throne <>f 
Englanl, was the son of Luneburg, Duke of 
Brunswick and Sophia, grand-daughter of James T 
of England, hence second cousin of Queen Anne. ■ 
the last ruler of the House of Stuart. 

.I.\^MES III (tiIK Kr.DKU I'ltKTKNnKR,) 

Son of James II and Mary d'Este, made sevenil 
efforts to secure to himself tlie succession of tiie 
throne of England during the reigns of Anne. 
George I and George II, respectively. The attempt 
made in this reign by Prince James, (heir apparent) 
to restore the former House is known as tlie "Mais 
Rebellion," (1715-1711)). . Other important events 
of the reign of George I, were: The impeachment of 
Lord Boliiiffbroke for secretly favoring the Stuarts; 
the death of Louis XIV of France, 1715, the treaty 
ratified with Louis XV, his successor 1717; the 
death of Marlborough, one of the greatest generals 
England has produced, June 16, 1722; the estab 
lishment of the coinage called "Wood's half penie," 
1724, which called forth the Diaper's Letters, by 
Swift (see Shaw's English Literature, page 276); 
the king's death while enroute for Hanover, caused, 
it is claimed, by a reproachful letter of iiis Queen 
Sophia, whom he had confined in the Castle of 
Allien for thirty-two years cm suspicion of crime, 
which was thrown into his coach; the reading of 
the letter jiroduced convulsions from which he died. 
1727. 

OKOKOK u u\. D. 1727-1760), 

was forty-four years of age at the time of his 
accession to the British th'sone. His speaking 
English with fluency gave bini an advantage over 



his father, George I, wlio it is said, "had been 
olilige to eons'erse with Walpole. chancellor of the 
Exchequer, in Latin, which the latter had almost 
forgotten, and whicli tiie king had never perfectly 
learnt.'* The more important events of this reign 
were: The war with Spain, in part, due to ques- 
tions arising ctmcerning the boundaries o^ Georgia, 
an American colony named in honor of the king, 
which continued from 1739-1743: the war between 
Prussia and Austria, in which the battle of 
Molwitz, 1741 was won l)y the powerful arm of 
Fredrick the Great of Prussia; the invasion of 
Bavaria by the French, in 1741, which arousefl ''the 
British lion," and a large army under Lord Stair 
was advanced into Crerinany in 1743; about the 
10th of June the king, attended by his son, the 
Duke of Cumberland, joined the British army near 
the village of Dettii'gen. The French and their 
allies had already taken strong positions and a 
deadly encounter was inevitable. The king ])laced 
himself at the head of ;i dense mass of British and 
Hanoverian infantry, and led the charge against 
the disciplined arms of France; the cliarge was 
irresistible and the victorious king advanced at 
once upon Hanan. The French were utterly put 
ti> route and obliged to evacuate (Tennany. This 
was the last field on which an English king 
displayed the ancient valor, or took a personal share 
in the bloodv contest. Ciiarlcs, grand-son of 
James II invaded Scotland, and having been prt>- 
claimed King James VIII, at Edinburg, advanced 
his arm}' toward Dunbar, where he met and 
defeated the Uritish forces under Sir John Cope, 
ill the battle of Preston Pans. The precipitate 
retresit of Sir Jolin Co]>e from this field, iM-ovoked 
the scathing reluike from Lord Mark Kerr, who 
received him at Berwick, "I believe you are the 
first general who lias ever brought the news of his 
own defeat! '" Charles desired to move at once 
upon London, but for once the French were too 
slow, and the last opportunity for the restoration of 
the Stuarts, passed unimproved. Tiie battle of 
Preston Pans and di^feat Of Cope, produced tin- 
great alarm in London, known as "Black Friday." 
The Duke of Cumberland advanced with a strong 
force against the Prctcmkr. The two armies met 
on CuUoden Moor, and after a desperate encounter, 
Charles was forced to relinquish the field, and the 



CHR0N01.0(iY AM) OONTEMPORANEOl S illSTORY 



15 



rebellion thus came t<) an end, April 8, 1746. A 
rofonnatioii ui' the calendar wai< eftoctcd l>v Lord 
Chesterfield in 1748; tins same year is memorable 
a« tixing the period of the death of Isaac Watts 
I). D., a Baptist clefgyniaii. who enjoyed the 
friendship uf the benevolent Sir Thomas Abney, of 
London. Dr. Watts is justly diritingiiished for his 
snccessfnl pastorate in i>ondon; for the many choice 
liymns which he contributed to christian psalmody; 
and for his able treatises, on "Logic," and on the 
"Improvement of the Mind." The administration 
<if William Pitt, distinguishes this reign. The 
struggles between the English and the French 
from 1754-1763, resulted in the conquest of Canada 
by the British hiuI Colonial troops. The death of 
King George, caused by tiie bursting of the right 
ventricle of the heart, occni*ed, October 25, 17<>0. 

GEORGE HI (a. I). 1760-1820), 

Son of Fredrick, Princ« of Wales, and Augusta, 
and grand-son of (leorge II ascended the throne at 
the age of twenty-two years. This young prince, 
married Charlott« of Mecklenburg Strelitz, age<l 
seventeen years, and their coronation followed in 
1761. Among the more important events of tiiis 
reign were. The resignation of William Pitt the 
Earl of Cliatam, England's greatest statesman, in 
1762; the rise of the Indian empire, from 1757- 
1763. The battle of Plassy (1757) between the 
British forces commanded by General Clive, and 
the Indians led by Su rajah Dowlah, Viceroy ot 
Bengal, was won by the British ; this victory decided 
the fate of India, and laid the foundation of the 
vast Indo-Britain Emj)ire. In this battle, the 
forces of the Nabob numbered 50,000 with forty 
pieces of artillery. Clive's army nnmbered only 
3000, (2000 of which were sepoys) with ten 
pieces of artilery; but British discipline and 
valor were irresistible, and the power of the Snrajah 
was broken; the impolitic step of Lord Grenville, 
Chancellor of tlie Exchequer, in extending "M** 
stamp acC'' to the North American Colonies to 
raise a revenue for defraying the expenses of "the 
F'rench and Indian war," the principle scene of 
which was in America, from 1754-1763. On this 
detestable act Mr. Pitt made a powerful address 
before the House of Commons. "Yon have" said 
the great statesman, "no right to tax America. I 



rejoice that America has resisted. Three million 
uf our fellow-subjects so lost to every .sense of 
virtue as tamely to give up their liberties would be 
fit instruments to make slaves of the rest." The 
fwf was repealed, blit other odious laws _ enacted 
which finally ignited tiie flames of "the American 
rievolution," 1775-1789. Tliis reign is noted for 
the revivals in England, Scotland, Wales and 
America, under the great English Evangelist, 
(ieorge Wliitetield, who died while in America, in 
1770. The gresit religious movement under John 
Wesley about this time resulted in the establish- 
ment of Methodism. Macatiley says of Wesley: 
"liis genius for government was not inferior to 
that of Richelieu." fledie<l in 1791, in the eighty- 
I'ighth year of his age. The death of William Pitt 
occurred on the 11th day of May, 1778, a few days 
after his celebrated speech in the House of Com- 
mons, in opposition to a motion offered by the 
Duke of Richmond, recommending peace with the 
American Colonies at any price. In the summer 
i>f 177l», Spain joined France in the war against 
England; manifestoes of alleged grievances were 
published in Paris and Madrid, to which answer 
was made in the Memoire yustificatif, or "justify- 
ing memorial," drawn up by Edward Gibbon, and 
circulated widely in Etirope. The disturbances 
known as Lord (Tcorge Gordon's riots occurcd in 
17S(). The Irish Parliament declared their' inde- 
pendence in 1782. The independence of the 
United States of America was recognized in 1782. 
The same year William Pitt, Jr., was appointed 
Chancellor of the Exchequer. The war between 
England and the allied powers of France and Spain 
was terminated by the "peace of Versailles," in 
1783. In Jime. 1785, King George III gave 
audience to Mr. Adams, the first minister from the 
United States. The king said, that "notwithstand- 
ing he had been the last to conseut to separation, 
he would be tl^ first to welcome the friendship of 
the United States as an independent power." The 
celebrated impeachment of Warren Hastings 
occurred in 1786. The French Revolution (1789- 
1802) burst with a tornado of violence that shook 
Europe to its foundation. The Storming of the 
Bastile, was the signal for those burnings, and 
plnnderings, and butcheries, which soon sunk "the 
, politest nation in the world" to the level of a horde 



16 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



of savages. Edmund Burke, in his "lieflections on 
the Revolution in France and on the proceed- 
ings of certain societies in London," most eloquently 
denounced the proceedings in France, and aptlv fore- 
told the future destinies of that' country. Burke's 
publication was attacked by Thomas Paine in his 
"Rights of Man," and by Sir James Macintosh in 
his " Vindiciac Gallicuey Dr. Priestly a leading 
Unitarian, and ardent admirer of the French Revo- 
lution, celebrated the anniversary of the capture of 
the Bastile, by a great dinner at Birmiiighain, July 
14, 1791, which provoked a riot that issued in the 
destruction of two church eilifices, and Mr. 
Priestly's dwelling, together \.-ith his library, 
philosophical apparatus and manuscripts of works 
which had cost him j'ears of labor. This revolution 
awoke the slumbering energies of Napoleon Bona- 
parte, who at the age of twenty years, began his 
remarkable career, and in the brief space of nine- 
teen years rose from an unknown Lieutenant, to the 
throne of the French Empire. In the great battle 
of Austerlitz, fought December 2, 1805, Napoleon 
won a brilliant victory over the Russians and 
Austrians. The same year Lord Nelson won the 
great naval-battle of Trafalgar, in which he was 
opposed by a superior French and Spanish Armada 
commanded by Commodore Villeneuve. Going 
into the engagement, Nelson fixed to the mast head 
his last signal — Eiig'lciud cxpccis every innn to do 
his duty — wliicli was gr«jeted with cheers by the 
British marines. Tlie struggle was fierce and 
bloody, but the brave Nelson, like General Wolf at 
Quebec, fell amid the huzzas of victory. His 
dying words were; "thank God, 1 have done -my 
duty!" 

The French were successful on land. On the 
14th of October, ISOt!, tlie Prussians were defeated 
b}' Napoleon at Jena. Bonaparte hastened into 
Spain to join Soult against the British under Sir 
John Moore. Tlie British army retreated to 
Corunna, where they were overtaken by Geu'l. Soult 
and an indecisive battle fought on the 16th of 
January, 18()1». Moore was mortally wounded by 
a cannon hall, and was buried at midnight on the 
ramparts, "with his martial cloak around him,'" for 
the Spanish use no coffins. Napoleon having bten 
suddenly called from Spain to Austria by a declara- 
tion of war from the Emperor Francis, a<lvanced 



against the Austrian army which he defeated in 
several engagements, culminating in "the bloody 
battle of Wagram" in the summer of 1809, which 
laid Austria at his feet. The terras of peace which 
followed involved the marriage of Napoleon with 
the Archduchess Maria Louisa. The same year 
Bonaparte annexed the States of .the Romish 
Church to France; was excommunicated by Pope 
Pius VII, but retaliated by carrying the hauty 
pontiff off to Savona. The Di'ke of Wellington, 
who succeeded Sir John Moore in Spain,defeated the 
French under Gen'l. Marmont in the great battle 
of Salamanca on the 22d of June, 1812. During 
the time tiie French army were in occupation of 
this celebrated university town they destroyed 
twenty-two out of the twenty-five colleges. While 
the wars of Napoleon were agitating all Europe, 
new trulls were <jatliering for England. The dis- 
regard of the doctrine of neutrality, by which Great 
Britain had intlicted serious injury \ipon American 
commerce, provoked a war with the United States 
which ci>ntinued for two years, (1812-1814). The 
European powers now formed a coalition for the 
crushing of Napoleon, whose genius had well nigh 
mastered the fragments of the old Roman Empire. 
With a vast army of 700,000, he put the allies at 
defiance. Then followed the battles of Dresden, 
Geoss, Buren, Dennewitz, Katzbach and Leipsic, 
all which decided in favor of the allies. The last 
of these battles was called by tlie Germans the 
Volkerschlachl, or "battle of the nations." 
Napoleon was forced across the Rhine, having lost 
over 2t)2,0(lO men in his camjiaign in Germany, 
lie stubbornly contested the advance of the allied 
powers toward Paris, but was swept back by the 
overwhelming forces of the enemy which entered 
the Frencli cajjitol Marcli 31st, 1814. Napoleon 
was compelled to abdicate April 11th, and a 
provisional government was formed to effect the 
restoration of the Bourbons. 

Louis XVIII arrived from England on the 3d 
of May, aiul subsequently signed a treaty of peace 
with the allied powers, by which the boundaries of 
1792, with slight additions were secured to the 
French. Napoleon was allowed to retain the 
imperial title, was assigned the isle of Elba as his 
dominion, and was decreed a pension of six million 
Francs. 



CHRONOLOGY AND OCNTEMPORAWBOUS HISTORY 



If 



While the European conj^eas was in session at 
Vienna, Jannary, 1815, intelli^nce reached them 
that Bonaparte was again on the continent, and 
troops were rapidly joining his stamlard. The 
[)ok6 of Wellington was at once assigned to the 
command of the allied forces and advanced his armr 
into Belginin. Uostiiities were begun by Marsltal 
Ney, on the 15th of Jnne, and enlminated Snnday 
evening, June 18th, on the plains of Watekloo, 
when "the Old Guard," made t)ie tinal charge 
against the British position. This was the first 
time Napoleon had come in contact with British 
trooj>8. Greek had met Greek, and now the tug of 
war. Napoleon led the charge supported by the 
dauntless Ney. The guard advanced in too dark 
and threatening columns. At the top of a gently 
sloping ridge the British guards were lying down 
to avoid the fire of the French artillerj'; but as the 
French coluTiins approached, Wellington gave the 
order to rise, and a terrible volley was ponre«l into 
the ranks of the assailants. The French colnmu» 
staggered, the iron DuTte ordered a charge, and the 
British guards fell like an avalanche upon the foe- 
men. The old guard, had now met a foeman 
wortijy their steel, and were hurled back in one 
mingled mass of death and agony. The power of 
Napoleon was forever broken, and his life went out 
in lone exile upon St. Helena, May 5th, 1821. Tlie 
death of George III had occurred about a year 
earlier, (January 39th, 1820,) after a reign of 60 
years, the longest of any sovereign that ever sat on 
^he English thn>ne. 

Georg.' IV, (A. D. 1820-1830) the Prince of 
Wales now ascended the throne at the age of 58 
years. As he had been regent during the last ten 
years while his father was in seclusion, his accession 
produced little or no change in the state ofafiairs. 
Among the events of this reign worthy of special 
notice, were — the Cato street conspiracy, viz: an 
attempt upon the lives of the cabinet ministers, 
(1820.) Trial of Queen Caroline for divorce,( 1821.) 
Tlie effort of the Roman Catholics under the leader- 
ship of Daniel O'Connell, to secure seats in parlia- 
ment, (1824.) The great financial panic, (1825.) 
The naval battle of Navarino, in whicli the Greeks 
were aided by the Russians, French and Englisli, 
and the Turkish and Egyptian fleets were totally de- 



stroyed, Octol»er 20th, 1827. This victory resulted 
in the establish raent or Greek indej)endence. 

The deatli of the King occurred June 2d, 
1830. 

William IV (A. D. 1830-1837) tlie Duke of 
Clarence, and next surviving brother of George IV 
was proclaimed King in his 65tli year. There waa 
great political e.Kcitement in England and Irelaivd 
during (1831-2.) In the former year the Cholera 
visited England. In the latter year the "reform 
bill," passed the house of Commoue. The brilliant 
csueer of William Wilberforce, one of the most 
distinguished philanthropists, statesmen .and 
authors, of England, was closed by death in 1833. 
The amendment of the ]X)or-law, and the abolition 
of British slavery in this year, were largely dne 
to the former labors of Wilberforce and hiscolligues; 
£20,000,000, was votel as compensation to the 
slave-owners. The death of King William occurred 
June 20, 1837. 

Queen Victoriii, (A. D. 1837-1878) the only 
child of the Duke of Kent, succeeded her Uncle 
William IV, on the throne of England in her 18th 
year. The first yeivr of Victoria's reign was mark- 
ed by insurrections iu Canada. Other noted events 
of this reign were; the Famine in Ireland (1874.) 
The great exposition in Crystal Palace, in Ilyde 
Park (1851.) The Crimean war between the 
Russians on the one hand, and the allied forces — 
English, French, Turks and Sardinans— on the 
other. The war opened Sept. 14, 1854, by an attack 
of the allied forces upon Eupatoria, on the west 
coast of the Crimea. The Russians were defeated 
and fell back upon Sebastopol. Balaklava and 
Inkermann were desperately contested, then came 
the final charge upon the fortifications of Sebastopol 
which were carried (Sept. 8, 1855.) Thus ended 
one of the "most memorable sieges in the annals of 
history." The Rebellion against the British rule 
in India occurred in 1857. The horrors of this 
Rebellion, and the determined energy and courage 
with which it was met, are fresh in the memory of 
many now living. Lawrence, Ilavelock, Wilson, 
and Colin Campbell, placed British valor in high 
relief daring this bloody struggle. The rebellion 
liad the effect to dissolve tue east India company, 
which had so loiig governed that mighty Empire. 



18 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



India is now governed by a secretary of state, 
assisted by a council of 15 members. Victoria is 
acknowledf^ed sovereign. 

In 185S, by act of both houses the Jews were 
again admitted to parliament; and a Jew (Lord 
Beiikonsiield) is at the present time (1878) 
Englands Cliief minister. The present reign has 
been marked by the reform of "the Criminal law" 
(1837.) The advancement of Education, with Lord 
Brougham as the most conspicuous name, in lead 
of the movement; the establishment of the British 
school of Art, witli the illustrious names of Gains- 
borough, "Wilson, Wiklie, Turner and Lawrence; 
the progress in sculpture led by Chantry, Bailey 
and Westmacott; and tlie Evangelical movements 
conducted . by Varley, Morehouse, Moody and 
others, are among the more favorable sigus of 
progress in Great Britain at this date. The 
adjustment of peace between the late contending 
powers of Russia and Turkey, resulted in an 
increase of jurisdiction by the British Government, 
on the Mediterranean. At tliis hour, (1878) several 
of the great powers of Europe are gathering their 
forces in Central Asia, for the probable purpose of 
conquest, or decidint; a claim to the old paternal 
estate of tiie Aryan race, under the shadow of the 
Hindoo Koosh. 

THE FRENCH DYNASTIES. 

France occupies the territory of ancient Gaul. 
Slie has an area of 203,736 S(|uare miles, and in 
18<11 claimed a population of 37.472,132. The 
Pyrenees separate France from Spain, the Alps 
from Italy, the Jura mountains from Switzerland, 
the Rliine from the Duchy of Baden, but the rest 
of the frontier is conventional, and has often varied 
with the fortunes of war. France has ever been 
considered one of the best agricultural districts of 
Europe. The chief products, however, are wine and 
silk. 

THE OARLOVINGIAN DYNASTY (A. D. 752-986) 

was established by Pepin of France, wlio received 
permission from the Pope of Rome to assume the 
title of king, and who afterward rewarded the mag- 



nanimity of the Pope by conferring upon him the 
temporal dominion, of territory he had wrested from 
the Lombards in battle. 

Pepin reigned from (A. D. 752-768) — though 
Pepin is generally regarded as the first king who 
occupied the throne under the above named dynas- 
ty, the name Carlovingian is derived from 
Charlemagne, who conquered the Barbarians of 
Germany about A. D. 800, and gave name to a 
race of kings which ruled France and Germany for 
about two centuries. 

Charlemagne succeeded his father (A. D. 768- 
814.) This celebrated prince,confirmed and enlarged 
the grants of his father to the Holy See, and about 
the year A. D. 800, was crowned by Leo. Ill 
"Emperor of tlie West," at R'^me. 

Louis, the Debonair (A. D. 814-840.) 

Charles the Bald, (A. D. 840-877) was crown- 
ed as Emperor in A. D. 875. 

Louis II, (A. D. 877-879) succeeded his father 
on the French throne. 

Louis III, (A. D. 879-882.) 

Carloman II, (A. -D. 882-884.) 

Charles II, (A. D. 884-887) usurped the throne 
which siiould have decended to Charles the simple. 

Eudes or Hugo, countof Paris (A. D.887-893.) 

Charles III called the simple, (A. D. 893-922.) 

Robert I, (A. D. 922^923,) Robert the brother 
of Eudes, who now aspired to the throne, was slain 
in battle after a reign of one year. 

Rodolf, duke of Burgundy (A. D. 923-936.) 

Louis IV, (A. D. 936-954) was son of Charles 
III. 

Lothaire, (A. D. 954-986,) son of the preced- 
ing monarch. 

Lonis V, (A. D. 986-987) son of Lothaire, was 
called the indolent. This weak prince having been 
poisoned by his Queen.terminated the Carlovingian 
dynasty in France. 

THE CAPET DYNASTY. 

Hugh Capet, (A. D. 987-996) son of Hugh 
the count of Paris, seized the crown in prejudice of 
Charles of Lorraine, the uncle of Louis IV. 



NoTi—rhereare two thcorici respectingthc origin ofthensmeof the hoimeorPliinlsgenet. The one by Mr. Home, already jjiven, «nd the followinc 
by Mr. Pierce: "Henry II, Earl of Anjoii received the name of Plantaeenet, in the followinj; manner: Having contrived the death of his nephew, the Ean 
of Briltainy, in order to succeed to that Karldom. hla coufesaor sent him, in atonement for the mnrdcr, to Jerusalem, attended bv only two scr^anUn. one of 
whom was to lead him by a halter to the holy aepulchrc, the other to strip and whip him there, like a common malefactor. liroom (In French uemct, in 
Latin OBNI9TA,) being the only tough plant shrub In Palestine, the knlehtly criminal wa» emarUj scourged with it, and from the instniment of his chM- 
tlaement, be waa called Plautagenet. 



CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPOIIANEOUS HISTORY 



19 



Robert II, son of Hugli Capet. (A. D. 096- 
1031. 

Henry I, son of Robert. [A. D. 1031-1060.] 

Philip!, son of Henry. [A. D. 1060-1108.] 

Louis VL son of the former King. [A. D. 
1108-1137.] 

Louis VII. infant son of Louis VI. [A. D. 
1137-1180.] 

Philip AnguBtus, also son of Lovis VI. [A. D. 
1180-1223.] 

Louis VIII, son of Philip. [A. D. 1223-1226] 
won the appellation Coeur de Lion, by his noble 
daring. 

Louis IV, [A. D. 1226-1270] was the son of 
the former monarch, and is generally called St. 
Louis. During his childhood, the regency was 
confided to Blanche of Castile, the queen dowager. 

At the age of 21 years, this prince assumed 
the reins of government, and was immediately in- 
volved in war with Henry III of England. He 
engaged in the crusades in 1248; spent live years 
in Palestine, where he ransomed nearly 1200 
prisoners. Returning to France he employed him- 
self in promoting the enjoyments of peace and just- 
ice. His death occurred in a second crnsatle, [1270] 
before the walls of Tunis, which city he was be- 
sieging. This King was made a saint by Pope 
Boniface VIII. 

Philips 111, son of St. Louis. [A. D. 1270- 
12Sa] upon the death of his father raised the siege 
of Tunis, and returned with the army to Paris 
where he was crowned in 1271. He was afterward 
engaged in war with Peter of Aragon. 

Philip IV, [A. D. 1285-1314] was the son of 
the former King by Isabella of Aragon. 

A sedition, broke out during this reign, caused 
by the Earl of St. Panl, which wasiinally put down 
by the King in the memorable battle of Mons, 
where more than 25,000 Flemings were slain. 

Philip was engaged in war with England, and 
also had a quarrel with the Poj)e of Rome. The 
latter resulted in his excommunication from the 
Catholic church. 

Louis X, [A. D. 1314-1316] son of Philip IV 
by reason of certain peculiarities was styled, Ihe 
headstrong. 

John I, [A. D. 1316 — ] a posthumous son of 



Louis X, reigned only a few days. 

Philip V, [A. D. 1316-1322] the son of Philip 
III, was preferred to the daughter and heiress of 
Louis X, and wa.s admitted to the thone in accord- 
ance with, the salir law. 

Charles IV, (A. D. 1322-1328) the third son 
of Philip III, succeciled his brother t<j the throne. 
His reign terminated the Capet dynasty in France. 

HOUSE OF VAL0I8. 

This house was divided into tliret^ branches. 
First, The immediate decKudants of Phillip III of 
the previous dynasty. Second, The branch of 
Orleans. Third, The branch of Angouleme. 

Philip VI, (A. D. 1328-1350) the lirst ruler 
of the above house was the grandson of Philip III. 
Edward III of England having claimed the crown, 
war broke out Itetween the English and French, in 
which the former were succeesful in a number of 
important battles, and seized upon some French 
territor}'. 

John II, (A. D. 1350-1364) succeeded to the 
throne on the death of his father, when France was 
distracted by the factions excited by Charles, King 
of Navarre. King John succeeded in capturing 
Charles, whom he threw into prison, but his brothers, 
Philip and (reottre}' continued his designs, in 
which they were seconded by Edward of England. 

King Edward planned an invasion of France. 
An army uTider Edward the Princes of Wales over- 
ran Langucdoc, and another army commanded by 
the King in person invaded the country from Calais. 
The King was recalled to England, to repell an 
invasion oftheScx)ts. Tlie following year (1356) 
the Prince of Wales, with an army 12,000 strong 
penetrated into the very heart of France. King 
John provoked at this invasion mustered an army 
of over 60,000 men, and advanced to intercept 
the Prince. The two armies met at Poitiers, and 
in a sanguinary battle the French were put to 
ronte, leaving their King among the prisoners. 
John was taken to London, and lodged in the palace 
of Savoy, where he remained a prisoner until his 
death. 

The English proposed to restore the King to hie 
throne, but the conditions required, were rejected 
by the French. 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



Charles V, (A. D. 13C4-1380) who now suc- 
ceeded to the tlirone, was the first prince who bore 
the name Dauphin. By nature and education, he 
was well suited to repair the injuries France had 
sustained in the reigns of Philip and Jolin. In 
1369 the war between the English and French 
again broke out, and this time the arms of France 
were victorious, and a treaty between the two pow- 
ers, secured to France the great part of her former 
possessions. 

Charles VI, (A. D. 1380-1422) succeeded his 
father on the throne of France. 

During this reign the English again under- 
took to acquire French territory l)ut the expediti- 
ons were fruitless. 

Charles VII, (A. D. 1422-1461) the victorious 
8on of Charles VI, asserted his claim to the throne, 
whicii was claimed by the English in behalf of 
the infant prince, Henry VI of England. The 
Duke of Bedford, protector ot the latter kingdom, 
invaded France in 1428, and laid siege to Orleans. 
The French must have surrendered tliiskey tosouth 
France, but for tlie strange interposition of Joan De 
Arc, a country girl of 27 years of age. For the cir- 
cumstances concerning the raising the siege and 
crowning of Charles VII at Rhimes, &c., (see 
Hume's History of England p. p. 212-215.) 

Louis XI, (A. D, 1461-1483) son of Charles 
VII, who had made an unsuccessful attempt to 
dethrone his father, and fled to the court of Bur- 
gundy, was crowned Aug. 1.5, 1461. Atrocious 
executions, tyranny and sinister intrigues mark 
this reign: Nevertheless Pope Paul II, bestowed- 
upon Louis the title of most Christain King. 

Charles VII, (A. D. 1483-1498) the affable 
son of Louis XI, ascended the throne of France in the 
Bame year with Richard III of England, and as 
Richard was the last of tiie Plautagenets, so Charles 
was the last oi the Capet branch of the house of 
Valois. This reign is distinguished for the invas- 
ion of Italy by the Frencb, wiiich resulted in the 
inauguration of the political system of Europe, or 
of that series of wars and negotiations among its 
different kingdoms, which has continued to the 
present time. 

ORLEANS BRANCH OF THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. 

Louis XII, (A. D. 1498-1575) styled the 



father of the people, was the son of Charles V, 
Duke of Orleans, and Mary of Cleves, He 
attempted the conquest of Genoa, Naples, and 
Milan, but was unsuccessful. In his war with 
Spain he was victor in the great battle of Ravenna, 
but by the loss of his nephew, the distinguished 
General Gaston De Foix,lie was deeply grieved,and 
when courtiers congratulated him upon his victory 
replied, "I wish my enemies such triumphs." 
Late in life Louis married Mary, sister of Henry 
VIII, of England, the grandmother of the ill fated 
Lady Jane Grey. 

THE ANOOULEME BRANCH OF THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. 

Francis I, (A. D. 1515-1547.) Duke of Augou- 
leme, son-in-law to the preceding monarch, succeed- 
ed to the throne of France, at the age of 21 years. 

In 1518 Fi'ancis, succeeded by the aid of Car- 
dinal Wolsey, in recovering Tournay from the 
English. On the death of the Emperor Maximil- 
ian, Francis and Charles of Spain, were the chief 
competitors for the crown of Germany. Cliarles 
was successful and subsequently formed an alliance 
with Ilenr^^ VIII. against Francis. War was de- 
clared in 1522. For three years Francis mantained 
the unequal contest with great valor,but was final- 
ly overpowered, and taken prisoner (Feb. 24, 1525.) 
His release was followed by a revival of the war 
with Cliarles in 1527. Meanwhile the Imperial 
arms,under Bourbon were turned upon Rome. Tlie 
City was sacked and Pope Clement VII, made 
prisoner. Henry and Francis.cspoused the cause of 
the Pope. A French army was immediately 
thrown into Italy, and the Imperialists compelled 
to restore Clement, to his liberty. In 1543, Henry 
broke his league with Francis, and formed an alli- 
ance with the Em])eror Charles, for the invasion 
of France. The war continued with little result 
to either comi)atant, for three years when |)eace 
was coTicluded, June, 7, 1546. Francis death oc- 
curred the following year. He may justly be re- 
garded as one of the ablest Princes who had occu- 
pied the French throne. His literary attainments 
won him the name of "Father of Letters." 

Henry II. (A.*D. 1547-1559,) son of Francis, I 
succeeded his father on the throne. The only event 
of special interest iu this reign, was the invasion 
of France by the Spanish and English, (1557.) On 



CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 



21 



the accession of Mary to the English throne, she had 
formed a matrimonial alliance with Philip King of 
Spain, and now this donble alliance is opposed to 
Henry. An anny of 60,000 men, commanded by 
Philibert Duke of Savoy, one of the greatest gen- 
erals of tlie age, captnred St. Qnentine, and menac- 
ed the capital itself Philip's caution delayed the 
advance,and tiie opportunity of an eas}^ concjuest 
of France was lost. In the following year (1558) 
tlie Duke of Guise surprised and captured Calais, 
an almost impregnable fortress, which had cost the 
English in the reign of Edward III, an eleven 
months seige with a large army. It had been held 
by the English !200 3'cars; and was deemed by tliem 
invalnable as a gate to France. 

Francis II, (A. D. 1559-15fi0) eldest son of 
Henry, now sncceede<i to the throne. 

Charles IX, (A. I). 1560-1574) the second 
son of Henry succeede<l his brother, after his short 
reign of but afew months. 

The conduct of the government, nnder the 
regency of Catharine de Medici, the young Ki»ig's 
mother, provoked a civil war. opened hy the revolt 
of the Huguenots. The massacre of St. Barthol- 
omew's ensued; and darkened the reign of Charles, 
with a crime which his death-bed repentance conld 
not relieve. 

Henry III, (A. D. 1574-1589.) third son of 
Henry II followed his brother Charles in the ad- 
ministration of the French government. This 
reign closes the house of Valois. 

HOrSE OF BOCRBON. 

Henry IV, (A. D. 1589-1610J was the son of 
Anthony' of Bourbon, Duke of Vendome, and 
Jeanne d' Albert, Queen of Navarre. After the 
massacre of St. Bartholomew, Henry signalized 
himself against the leaguers, and on the death of 
Henry III, he obtained the throne. Though a 
Catholic by polic}', he guarded the Protestants by 
the edict of Nantes. He was an able and popular 
Prince, and had secured peace to France for a 
period of si.vteen years, when he was assassinated by 
the fanatic Ravaillac. 

Louis XIII, [A. D. 1610-1643] son of Henry 

succeeded his father, being only nine years of age. 

The government was placed nnder the re^jency 

of his mother Mary de Medicis. Mary's condact 



secured her banishment to Blois. Louis was 
subse<juently reconciled with his mother by the 
influence of Cardinal Richelieu. The i,oci8-d'ob 
was first struck in this reign. 

Louis XIV, [A. D. 164.S-1715] son of the 
preceding monarch, at the age of five years, ascended 
the throne under the regency of his mother, Anne 
of Austria. In the war witli Spain and Austria, 
the French, ctJinmanded by Prince Conde and 
Marshal Turenne, were victorious, and in the peace 
of Westphalia [164S] France gained Alsace and 
other important territory. In 1660, Louis married 
Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip IV, of S|)ain. 
On the death of Cardinal Mazarin, Louis appoint- 
ed Chel her t minister of finance, under whom the 
arts, commerce and manufactures greatly flourished. 

In 1685 Louis revoked the edict of Nantes, 
and the Protestants were comj)elled to fly the 
kingdom for safety. Louis was generally success- 
ful in the numerous wars of his loug reign, but 
finally he confronted the English under William 
III, and the fortune of battle turned against him. 

He was overpowered in the war of the Spanish 
Succession, and in the peace of Radstadt wa» 
c<jmpelled to cede his American possessions to the 
English, and his Italian dominions to Austria and 

Savoy. 

Louis XV, [A. D. 1715-1774] son of the 
Duke of Burgundy and Maria Adelaide of Savoy 
was only five years old when the death of his 
grandfather, opened the way for his advancement 
to the throne of France. The regency of Philippe 
Joseph, Duke of Orleans and Cardinal Fleury, 
continued till the death of the latter, when tUe 
King took upon himself the management of the 
affairs of State. 

He waged war with Germany and Hungary,to 
little purpose. Died in 1774, an object of univer- 
sal detestation. 

Louis XVI,[A. D. 1774-1793] was the second 
son of the dauphin [son of Louis XV,] and Maria 
Josepha of Saxony, daughter of Fredrick Augustus 

of Poland . 

Louis was an amiable, but timid Prince, hence 
ill suited to controll the maddened energj', and 
fickle passion of the French Nation at this hour. 
His Queen Maria Antoinette, the daughter of 
Francis I, and Maria Theresa, though possessed of 



22 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



unrivaled attractions, soon became* an object of 
distrust and hatred to the court party, and the 
clouds which at the clost of tlie previous reign had 
onl}' flitted across the political heavens of France 
rapidly gathered in inky blackness and broke in a 
violent storm which rendered tenantless the House 
of Bourbon" The sad fate of Lou is and his lovely 
Queen, forms oue of tlie most thrilling romances 
of history. The King was guillotined Jan. 21, 17^93 
and the Queen perished upon the scaflold Oct. 16, 
1793. 

Louis XVIL his son is usually numbered 
with the Kings of France, though he never reigned. 
He died in prison Jan, 8, 1796. 

THE FIRST REPUBLIC OF FRANCE. 

Six years were spent in various experiments 
of government, when on the 9th, of November 
1799, a law was passed which instituted the provis- 
ional consulate. The ciioice of consuls fell upon, 
Bonaparte, Sieyes and Ducos. The consuls 
repaired to the city of Paris where a session was held, 
in which "it was agreed by common consent that 
Sieyes should prepare the constitution, and that 
General Bonaparte should govern by it." 

It was urgent in fact that some one should 
govern, tor the state of the country in all respects 
was deplorable; disorder, both nioral ami material 
was at its highest. Tlie law which decreed the 
provisional consulship conferred extensive powers 
on the three consuls. This law invested them with 
the plenitude of "directoral power;" it specially 
charged them to "restore order in all the depart- 
ments of the administration;" to "restore domestic 
tranquility, and to obtain for France an honorable 
and solid peace." 

It associated with them two legislative 
commissions of twenty-tive members each. On 
tiie 11th, of November the consuls met. Ducos 
said, "General Bonaparte, take the arm chair; let 
us deliberate." The general complied and during 
the next five years his deliberation coupled with 
his action resulted in the establishment of the 
French Empire. The first republic extended from 
A. D. 1793-1804. 

THE FRENCH EMPIRE. (A. D. 180-1-1814.) 

Monarchy was to be re-established upon the 
«ew basis of constitutional liberty, and civil equal- 



ity; and in the erection of the new Empire there 
was but one monarch possible, viz: Napoleon Bon- 
aparte. 

In May, 1804. Napoleon I, was proclaimed 
Emperor of France. 

Nopoleon's administration, which was one of 
the most eventful in history, continued until 1814, 
when he fell under the iieavy blow inflicted by 
the combiued powers of Europe, and consented to 
exile on the island of Elba. 

In March 18 L"), Bonaparte left Elba, entered 
France, raised an army, and fought the bloody 
battle of Waterloo (June 18,) in which the French 
army was totally defeated, and the strange man of 
Europe, compelled to fly for refuge to the seaboard 
town of Rochefort, where he surrendered himself 
on the l.jth jf July, into the hands of the English. 
In the assembly of the council of state, LaFayette 
proposed the abdication of Napoleon ;but theEmper- 
ior having anticipated this decision, voluntarily 
abdicated the throne, and souglit protection under 
the powerful arm of England. He was conveyed to 
St. Helena, where he died May 6th, 1821. His last 
words, "Tete D' Armie," indicate that he thought 
himself at the head of his army, watching the fluc- 
tuating current of battle. 

THE HOUSE OF BOURBON KESTOREU. 

Louis XVIII, (A. D. 1815-1824) brother of 
the unfortunate Louis XVI, returned to Paris on 
the 8lh,of Juh' 1815,and was placed upon the throne. 
He was a weak prince; well named, "that dry stick 
of Bourbonism." 

He was barely seated on the throne when 
schemes were on foot to overthrow the old dynasty, 
and to place Louis Philippe at the kead of a con- 
stitutional Monarchy. 

"I perceive," the king once said, when speaking 
of his cousin, "that although Louis Philippe does 
not stir, he advances." 

Charles X,( A. D 1824-1830) succeeded his 
brother on the throne. Like the French infidel 
Voltaire, of whom Macauley says, "he could not 
build up, he could only tear down; he was the very 
Vitruvius of ruin:" Charles was admirably adapted 
to complete the ruin, and forever blast the pros- 
pects of the Bourbons. 

Revolution again convulsed the French, nation 
and Charles was driven from the throne. 



CHRONOLOaY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 



THE HOD8E 0F_;PKLEAN8. 

Louis Pliilipije, (A. D. 1830-1848) the Duke 
of Orleans, and second cousin of the preceding 
monarch, now grasped the scepter which for two 
centuries the family of Orleans had vainly striven 
to secure. Parts was tlie scene of blood-she«I, and 
terror, and the duke of Orleans, was the second 
man of destiny who liad power to control! the 
French people in the midst of a violent revolution. 
He was first created lieutenant-general of filie 
kingdom, and soon afterward crowned king of 
France. On tiie 9tlu of August 1S30, he took the 
oath to govern only by the laws,and "to cause good 
and exact justice to be lulministered to everyone 
according to his right, and to act in everything 
with the sole view to the interest, the welfare, and 
the glory of the French people." The new king had 
been cradled in misfortune, and could heartily sym- 
pathize with the oppressed nation who had chosen 
hiin to execute lier laws. 

Louis Philippe, iiad l»een a wandering Prince. 
The story of his life is stranger than ticti<m. Born 
in Paris in 1773, educated nnder Madame De Gen- 
lis; he entered the army in thexjoinniand of (rener- 
al Kellermaun; distinguished himself as i-,omman- 
dor of a troop of. dragoons, against the Austriaus at 
Yalmy; was summoned before the committee of 
pulilic safety, which discyvered the sclieme of Gen- 
eral Dumouriez for raising the young duke to the 
throne. 

Both ried to Austria, whence the duke made 
his way in disguise to Switzerland; subsequently 
in great Straits of indigence,he obtained a professor- 
ship in the college at Reichenan, on a salary of 
$258, a year; here he taught history ge<igrapliy, 
mathematics, and the English language. Weary of 
liis fate, the exile pined to leave" Europe, and in 
America lind an asylum where he could, forget the 
V greatness and the sutferings which had been the 
companions of his youth. A friend informed Mr. 
Morris of Philadelpliia,former embassador,to France 
from the United States, of his desire, which pover- 
ty forbade gratification; the kind hearted American 
offered the royal exile free passage to Philadelphia 
and his services atlLer arrival there; and also sent 
him $100 to defray expenses to Hamburg. Delay- 
ed in his voyage, he traveled on foot through Den- 



mark, Sweflen and Norway, jjushing his explora- 
tions even beyond the Artie circle, and then turn 
ing south traversed the desert which lies l)etween 
the Northen Ocean and the river Tornea. On his 
retnrn to Hambnrg he received the intelligence that 
the French directory would grant liberty to ids 
brothers, who ii;ul been prisoners since their fathers 
death, on condition tiiat the duke of Orleans with 
them, would consent to banishment from Europe. 
Consent was given, and the duke, sailed at once 
for America, where he arrived October 24, 1796, 
and was joined by his brothers the 7th,of February 
following. 

News cMxiG off their mothers exile to Spain. 
Philippe and his brothers resolved to join iier in 
her exile. 

They passed in winter U) the Ohio river, thence 
b^' boat down the Ohio and Mississippi to New Or- 
leans. 

Several of the boatmen were disabled by expos- 
ure, and the princes were oblidged to take their 
places; arrived at NewOrlejins they embarked for 
Cuba; on arriving there they wei"e refused hospital- 
ity; proceeded thence to Halifax. where by the kind- 
ness of the duke of Kent,(tlie father of Queen Vic- 
toria) they were sent to England; arriving in Lon- 
don February 15, 1800. 

The duke alone lived to see his mother, Avhom 
he found on the island of Minorca. September 7th, 
1809. Sometime previously he had found his only 
sister, and together they visited the above island, 
greeted their mother, and the three embarked for 
Palermo, where Philippe married the daughter of 
Ferdinand, Kingof Naples. From Sicily,Philippe 
repaired to France, when news came of the eleva- 
tion of Louis XVIII, to the throne. 

Sad and romantic as was the beginning of his 
life, the close of Philippe's career was to be shroud 
ed in gloom. 

In 1848, a new revolution broke out, and the 
king was forced to abdicate the throne. His life 
endangered, Philippe "shaved off his whiskers, put 
on green spectacles, called himself Smith, and es- 
caped with his family to England," where he died 
August 26, 1850. 

THE SECOND FRENCU KEPCBLIC. (A. D. 1848-1852.) 

The new republic, was preceded by a provis- 



24 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



ional government composed of Lamartine, Dupont 
de L'Eure, Arago, Ledru RoUin, Marie, Gormir 
Pogifi and Cremieux, which continued from Feb- 
ruary 1848, to December 184S. Paris was torn by 
the bloody throes of revolution. General Caraignac 
was appointed director, with unlimited powers; but 
as soon as order was restored, by a battle in which 
the national guards were victorious, he resigned 
that office, and was made President of tlie council. 

The new constitution required, that a Presi- 
dent be elected for the term of four years. Louis 
Napoleon Bonaparte, (nephew of Napoleon I,) was 
elected by an overwhelming majority, lie took the 
prescribed oath December 2()th, and the provisional 
government was superseded by the second French 
republic. Louis occupied the four years ofliis 
presidency in laying plans for the restoration of 
the Empire. On December Ist, 1851, in the dark- 
ness and silence of the night, seventy eight persons, 
including the principal generals and statesmen of 
France, were seized at their own houses, and carried 
away to prison. A heavy military force was 
massed in the city. Offices of newspai)ers, were 
occupied by soldiers. A proclamation was printed, 
and distributed before day-light; and when the 
populace went forth upim the morning of December 
2d, they I'cad tlie announcement; "the national 
assembly is dissolved; universal suffrage is re- 
established; the elective colleges are summoned to 
meet, December 2l8t, Paris is in a state of siege." 
Napoleon, by an election, was invested with sole 
power of government for ten years. Having the 
reins of government full in hand, he caused a new 
election, and on the 2d of December, 1852, the late 
President became Napoleon III, Emperor of 
France. 

THE NEW FRENCH EMPIKE. (A. D. 1852-1870.) 

In assuming the title of Napoleon III, Louis 
Bonajjarte, recognized the son of Napoleon 1, as 
the second Emperor of the same name. After the 
battle of Waterloo, his father had abdicated in his 
favor, but he was never seated upon the thrcme. 

The first prominent event after the restoration 
of the Empire, was the Crimean war. Nicholas, 
Czar of Russia, made hostile demonstrations 
against the Turks, and war was declared by the 
Snitan, Oct. 1853. 



France and England concluded a close alliance 
with each other, and with Turkey, and declared 
war also against Russia. 

Upon the bloody fields of Balaklava find 
Inkermann, the allied forces were victorious, and 
the sieging columns pressed closely around Sebas- 
topol. Austria, and Sardinia, joined the alliance. 
The sudden death of the Czar, and the accession of 
his son, Alexander II, made no perceptable change 
in the war. 

Sebastopol still repulsed the most resolute, and 
daring assaults. But the crisis came on the 8th of 
September, 1855, when the French soldiery again 
immortalized themselves, in the storming and capt- 
ure of the Malakoff. In the war of the Italian 
Nationality, (April 23, 185!),— June 24, 185H.) 
Napoleon, at the head of the French forces, and 
Sardinian allies, ably seconded by General Mac 
Mahon, defeated the Austrians at Montebello, 
(May 20th,) Patestro, (May 30th, and 31st.,) and 
gained a more decisive victory at Magenta, (June 
4tli,) Marengo, (June 7th,) and the final contest of 
the war at Solferino, (June 24tli.,) In 1860-1 the 
French, at first in alliance with the English and 
Spanish.and after their withdrawal with the revolu- 
tionary Mexicans, invaded Mexico, and declared 
war against the government of President Juarez. 
Puebla was taken by siege, and the army entered 
the capital, June 1863. Here a council infiuenced 
by the French, declared in favor of a hereditary 
empire as the future government of Mexico; and 
Maximilian, a brother of the emjieror of Austria, as 
sovereign. 

The war continued l>etween the Juarez and 
Maximiliiin governments, until June 19, 1867. 
The French troops having been withdrawn, the 
new Emperor was defeated, captured and shot by 
order of J'resident Juarez. The revolution in 
Spain hastened the crisis, which was to change the 
whole state system of Europe. Jealousies, grew 
out of the candidacy of Prince I./eopold for the 
Spanish throne, which resulted in the Franco- 
Prussian war. 

On the 15th of July, 1870, France declared 
war against Prussia, and Napoleon advanced his 
army toward the Rhine. The aJvancc of the 
French having crossed the Rhine, attacked the 
Prussian out-post on the heights above Saar- 



CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMrORANEOUS HISTORY 



nrucken, Aug. 2ds Here tlie Frencli prince ini- 
lieriiil received bis ''baptisiu of fire;" aud tlic first 
(Serious trial of the metrailleuse was made. After 
repeated disasters, at Weisseniburij, Worth, For- 
bach, Metz,Mars-la-Tour,(Travelotte and Strasbourg, 
the great and <leci.'*ive battle took place at Sedan. 
The French were surrounded, and driven into the 
town, wliere the whole army, by capitulation Sept. 
2d, Ixicame prisoners of war. Xa}x)leon by letter, 
furrendered himself to the King of Prussia, and 
was assigned a residence at Wilhohnshohe in 
llesse Castle. Wheu news ofthe surrender at 
Sedan reached the Corp-Legislatif, Jules P'avre 
aros(^, ajid declared that, the "H)mpirc had ceased 
to exist." 

A i)rovisioual government was t<>rmed, with 
(General Tro»»liu at its head, amj with Arago, 
Cremieu.x, Favre, Ferry, Gambctta, and others, as 
ministers. Subse<iuently, on Feb. 13th, 1871, 
Paris having fallen into the hands of the enemy, 
the assembly met at Bordeaux, proclaimed a Re- 
public, and elected M.Thiers, chief executive. 

On the 26th of February, articles of peace were 
signed at Versailles, to which place the seat of gov- 
ernment had I)een removed. 

France ceded, Alsace and German Loraine to 
the Emjjeror of Germany, and agreed to pay $5,- 
000,000,000 of Francs, as war indemnity. On 
March 1st, the German troops withdrew, and Paris 
w^ miide the scone of a terrible communism which 
ended May 28tb, 1871. 

THE THIRD FRKNCU REPUBLIC, (A. D. 1871-1878.) 

Peace having been again restored to France, 
and the Republic for the third time established; 
the French people began to repair the ruins of the 
late war, and to recuperate their exhausted, financial 
and social strength. 

M. Thiers, (A. D. 1871-1877) tlie great states- 
man and hi8t(u-ian, entered vigorously, upon the 
duties of the new Presidency; and in the term and 
a half of office, which occurred up to the time of 
his death, contributed largely, not only to the 
restoration of the former dignity of France, but to 
her elevation, to a higher and grander destiny. 

Mac. Mahon, (A. D. 1877-1878) one of the 
distinguished officers of Napoleon III, was chosen 



to succeed President Thiers, in the administration 
of the French Republic. The muttej'ings of revolu- 
tion, have been heard during this presidency, and 
with political forecast,some have predicted a speedy 
overthrow of the Bonapartist power in France. 

THK SPANISH DOMINION. 

The clouds which cover the primitive history 
of Spain, do not begin to be dissipated till the peri- 
od when the Phoenecians arrived, and formed 
establisments in the country, before uncivilized and 
unknown. The Greeks shared in the discovery, 
and established an extensive commerce, in Spain, 
liesides founding several Cities, among them the 
noted Ampurias ami the unfortunate Sagnntum. 

The Carthagenians subsequently made them- 
selves masters of the whole peninsula; which in 
turn passed into the hands of the victorious 
Romans. The Romans were disjwssesed of the 
country in the fourth century, by the northern 
barbarians, and the Visigotliic kingd(>m of Enric, 
covered all Spain. During the reign of Roderick, 
A, D. 711, the Arabs, and Moors invaded the 
country from the South. Roderick was defeated 
and slain in the battle of Xerxes-de-la-Frontera, 
and the conquerors took possession of all Spain; 
except the fortresses of the Pyrenees, where a .few 
Spaniards, and Pelagians escaped the yoke of the 
Saracens. Pelagius, and his successors finally 
compelled the Moors to withdraw to Africa in A. 
D. 141^2, and Ferdinand and Isabella became 
Sovereigns of Spain. 

The country again became the posssession of 
a foreign dynasty, as it decended to Joan, [daughter 
of Ferdinand and Isabella,] wife of Philip, Arch- 
Duke of Austria. 

Spain as a seiiarate Kingdom, may be said to 
begin her history, with the reign of, 

Ferdinand V, [A. D. 1512-1516,] who united 
the two small kingdoms of Aragon, and Castile, 
by his marriage with Isabella: and having made 
con(juest of Gunada and Navarre became monarch 
of all Spain. 

To the King and Queen of Spain, in this 
rieiarn, the world is indebted for the discoveries in 
the New World, by Christopher Columbus; and the 
fresh impulse, these discoveries in America, gave 



Mahon, and the election of M. Grevy to the presidency, has just taken place, (1879) is a litUe remarkable, even la older Republic* 



bo CTOl 
, (1879; 



of President Mac 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



in the inaugration of the modern fcriod of Voy- 
ages atid Discoveries. 

Charles I [A. D. 1516-1556] son of Joan of 
Castile, and Plillip of Austria, became King of 
Spain, in 15IG, and Eai])cror of (icrmany in 151!). 
He was a Prince of talent, and genius, but his 
ambition ruined him; and having resigned his 
crown to his son Philip, he ended his days in a 
Monastery. 

Pliilip II, [A. D. 1556-1598] son of Charles 
V, and Isabel of Portugal united to the 
dominion of his father, the Kingdoms of Naples 
and Sicily. Two years before he succeeded to the 
Spanish crown, he had married Mary Queen of 
England. The union seems not to have been happy. 
In 1580, Philip, made a dependency of Portugal, 
was involved in a quarrel with Elizabeth Queen 
of England, [successor to Mary], in regard to the 
Netherlands, and sent "the Invincible Armvada," 
against England, [1588.] The fleet was destroyed, 
partly by storm, and partly by thcUritish navy. 

Philip III, [A. D. 1598-1621] son of Philip 
II, succeeded to the throne. Philip distinguished 
his reign, by the reform of the courts of judicature, 
and by the e.xpulsion of the remnant of the Moors, 
to the number of 600,000; who were transported 
into Africa. 

Philip IV, [A. D. 1621-1665] succeeded liis 
father on the throne of Spain. This Prince appears 
to have possessed good natural 'abilities, but was 
unfortunate in his administration. This reign is 
distinguished by the t/iirty years war, in Europe, 
chiefly involving the interests of the persecuted 
Protestants, in tlie German provinces; [In 1570, 
Ma.\imilian II, had granted liberty of conscience 
to the Protestants of Anstria,] the snfllering espec- 
ially^in Bohemia was great. In their distress the 
Protestant (Jerman princes, appealed to Gnstavus 
Adolphus, King of Sweden, for protection. 
This famous warrior, "the Lion of the North," 
sprang upon, the cruel persecutors, and tlie very 
Emi)ire of Ferdinand II, trembled underj the shock. 

Tlie cold-hearted General Tilly, who had fought 
in the Spanish army, was advanced to the front,and 
gaine<l several battle?. In 1631, he took the city 
of Magdel)urg, and horribly massacred the inhabi- 
tants. King Adolphus fell upon him at the pas- 



sage of the Lech, mortally wounded Tilly, and re- 
pulsed liis army. 

. Duke Wallenstein, the Napoleon of Gennany^ 
and most famous of the imperial commanders, was 
placed at the head of the imperial forces, met the 
King of Sweden, on the field of Lutzen, in Saxony, 
where a l)loody battle was fought, which would 
have decided in favor of the Sweeds, but for the 
death of their King, [Nov. 6 1632.] 

Charles H, (A. D. 1665-1700) sou of Philip 
IV; ended the Austrian branch, which had given 
five sovereigns to the Spanish nation. Dying 
without issue, he left his crown by will to Pliilip, 
Duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of 
France. 

Philip V, (A. D. 1700-1745) Duke of Anjou, 
was proclaimed King, Nov. 24th, ITttO; but was 
compelled to cor.test the crown with Charles Arch 
Duke of Austria. 

Louis I, reigned a few months during the year 
1724, but the administration was resumed by Phil- 
ip, and continued until his death, in 1745. 

Ferdinand VI, (A. D. 1745-1759) son of the 
precedinji; monarch, succeeded to the' throne, and 
reigned fourteen years. 

Charles III, (A. D. 1759-1788) succeeded his 
brother on the Spanish throne. Charles was also 
King of Naples and "the Two Sicilies." In 1761, 
this monarch declared war against Gre<at I'ritaiii, 
and Portugal,which continued with varying results, 
until 1763. Hostilities were renewed against Eng- 
land in 1782, while the latter power was embar- 
rassed, with her efforts to suppress the rebellion of 
her American Colonies. The design of Spain iti 
this war, failed of accomplishment and peace was 
declared the following 3'ear. 

Charles IV, (A. D. 1788-1808) succeeded his 
father to the throne. In the year 1793. -.Charles 
began hostilities cagainst France; but failing in the 
accomplishment of his oly'ect, he concluded a treaty 
of peace, and subsequently joined France in a war 
against Great Britain. The allied ])owers were de- 
feated by the English in the great naval battle of. 
Trafalgar October 21, 1805. In 1808, Charles 
formed the design of removing the sejit of govern- 
ment to the city of Mexico, in North America; but 
his design was frustrated, whereupon the king ab- 
dicted the throne in favor of his son, Ferdinand. 



CHRONOLOGY AND OONTE^MPOKANEOUS HISTORY 



27 



Ferdinand VII, (A. D. iL808) ip adjunction 
with, and by advice of Iiis Cither, transferred the 
Spanish monarchy to tlie Emperor Napoleon l,who 
placed his brother on the throne. 

Joseph Bonapart€, (A. D. 1808-1814,) under- 
took the government of the rebellious Spaniards, 
but was finally obliged to evacuate Madrid. 

Napoleon entered Spain at the head of his ve- 
trans, and soon brought the Spaniards to terms. 

The conflict was irrepressible however, and on 
the arrival of English allies under tlie duke of Wel- 
lington, Joseph Bonajiarte was compelled to retire 
from the Ca])ital, and finally, to cross the Bidassoa, 
and re-enter France. Ferdinand, now returned to 
Madrid, annulletl the contract with Napoleon, and 
resumed the throne of Spain, in J814. This reign 
continued until 1833. 

Isabella II, (A. D. 1833-1870) daughter of 
Ferdinand VII, was made heir to the crown by 
ths will of her father. 

Christiana, mother of the infant Isabella, was 
appointed Queen Regent. Don Carlos, brother of 
the deceased King,clHimed the crown, on the ground 
that the Salique law, prohibited women occupying 
the throne. 

A civil war ensuefl, which lasted about seven 
years, but resulted in the establishment of Isabella 
on the Spanish throne. 

Amandus I, (A. D. 1870-1873) called also, 
Amandeo Ferdinando Maria. Duke of Aosta, 
second son of King Victor Emanuel of Italy, was 
nominated by General Prim, successor of Isabella 
on the Spanish throne. The nomination was ratifi- 
ed by the various European powers in 1870, and he 
entered the office of government at Madrid Jan. 2d, 
1871. General Prim had been assassinated, a few 
days previous to his arrival in Spain. His own 
life was constantly menaced by assassinSjhe was em- 
barrased by administrative difficulties, and by Car- 
list insurrections, which so discouraged the new 
King that he abdicated the throne for himself and 
his heirs, February 11th, 1873, and returned to 
Italy. 

THE SPANISH REPUBLIC. 

On the abdication of Amandus I, the Spanish 
cortes, proclaimed, and organized a republic. 

Senor Castelar, (A. D. 1873-1874) a wise and 



prudent statesman was chosen to the presidency. 
On November 6th, 1873, General Sickles, United 
States minister to Spain, telegraphed to Washing- 
ton the capture of the Virginius by the Cubans. 

That vessel was sailing under the American 
flag which was violated by its capture. Fifty-four 
men were shot as pirates, some of whom were 
American citizens. The Spanish government dis- 
avowed the act, and gave up the vessel, thus aver- 
ting war. 

On the 2d, of January, 1874, a revolution in 
Spain overthrew the government of President 
Castelar. 

SPANISH MONARCHY RESTORED. 

On the 1st of January, 1875, the Spanish re- 
volution ended in the restoration of the old king- 
dom. 

Alphonso XII, (A. D. 1875-1878) son of the 
ex-Queen Isabella, was proclaimed King in January, 
1875, and received the support of the army and 

navy. 

An extradition treaty between Spain and the 
United States of America, was ratified on the 21 
•of February 1877. 

THE SCANDINAVIAN KINGDOMS. 

The Scandinavians, are generally known, as 
three great families, or nations, which appeared in 
the northern peninsula of Europe, during the sixth 
or seventh century. Their first appearance upon 
the English coasts is placed in the Saxon Chronicle 
under the year 787 A. D. They were in race and 
language closely connected with the Anglo-Saxons. 
"The languages of all the Scandinavian nations",8ay8 
Hume, "diflfer only slightly from the dialects of the 
Germanic tribes." Like their kindred, the old 
Saxons, they worshipped Odin as their national God, 
and found their chief occupation and delight in 
ravaging the coasts of neighboring nations. 

The Danes made their incursions mainly upon 
the coasts of England ; the Norwegians, upon Scot- 
land and Ireland; and the Sweeds against the eas- 
tern shores of the Baltic. 

DANISH DYNASTY. 

The early history of Denmark is obscure, 
and uninteresting, containing merely the adven- 
tures of predatory warriors, whose pre-eminence 
consisted in ferosity, and courage. 



28 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



During the eighth and ninth centuries of the 
Christian Era, they established their dominion in 
parts of England, which was wholly subdued by 
Canute the Great, as well as a part of Scotland,and 
all of Norway in the eleventh century. The gov- 
ernment of the country as a kingdom began with, 

Gomor, (A. D. 883-935) whose reign was pre- 
ceded by the cruel murder of Edmund, King of east 
Anglia because he would not renounce Christiani- 
ty- 

Harold II, (A. D. 935-985.) 

Sweyn, (A. D. 985-1014.) 

Canute II, (A. D. 1014-1036) the great king 
of Denmark, England and- Norway; introduced 
Christianity. 

Canute III, (A. D. 1036-1042) the son of for- 
mer monarch; the Hardicanute of England. 

Magnus, (A. D. 1042-1047) also king of Nor- 
way. 

Sweyn II, (A. D. 1047-1073) at the close of 
whose reign the throne was left vacant about four 
years. 

Harold III, (A. D. 1077-1080.) 

Canute IV, (A. D. 1080-1086.) 

Olaus IV, (A. D. 1086-1095.) 

Eric III, (A. D. 1095-1103.) 

INTERRI'»NUM. 

Nicholas I, (A. D. 1105-1135) who was killed 
at Sliswick. 

Eric IV, (A. D. 1135-1137) surnamed Hare- 
foot. 

EricV, (A. D. 1137-1147.) 

Swej'n III, and Canute V, (A. D. 1147-1154) 
reigned jointly over the Danes until the former 
was beheaded. 

INTEREEONUM. 

Waldemar, (A. D. 1157-1182.) 

Canute VI, 1182-1202.) 

Waldemar II, (A. D. 1202-1241.) 

Eric VI, (A. D. 1241-1250.) 

Abel. (A. D. 1250-1252) murdered his elder 
brother Eric;and was himself killed in an expedition 
against the Frisons. The murder of Eric'by Abel, 
is the supposed basis of Shakespeare's Hamlet. 

Christopher I,[A. D. 1252-1259] was destroy- 
ed by poison. 

Eric VII, [A. D. 1259-1286.] 



Eric VIII, [A. D. 1286-1330.] 
Christopher II, [A. D. 1330-1334.] 

INTEBEEONUH. 

Waldemar III, [A. D. 1340-1376.] 

Olaus V, [A. D. 1376-1387.] 

Margaret, [A. D. 1387-1397] ssyled the Semi- 
ramis of the north, queen of Denmark, Norway and 
Sweden was the daughter of Waldemar III. 

Eric IX, [A. D, 1397-1438] the same as Eric 
XIII of Sweden, reigned jointly with Margaret un- 
til 1412 when he became sole sovereign of both 
kingdoms. Was finally compelled to relinquish both 
crowns, and the thrones remained unoccupied, until, 
1440. 

Christopher III, [A. D. 1440-1448.J 

Christian I, [A. D. 1448-1481,] was a power- 
ful prince, and held dominion over the whole of 
Scandinavia. 

John, [A. D. 1481-1513] son of the for- 
mer. 

Christian II, (A. D. 1513-1523,) styled the 
"Nero of the North." Caused the massacre of all 
the Swedish nobility, and practiced other cruelties 
for which he was dethroned and imprisoned. He 
died in prison in 1559. During this reign the 
Swedes threw off the Danish yoke. 

Frederick, (A. D. 1523-1534) Duke of Hols- 
tein, uncle to Christain II, was a liberal prince. 

Christian 111, (A. D. 1534r-1559) son of Freder- 
ick Holsteiu, established the Lutheran faith in 
Denmark. 

Frederick II, (A. D. 1559-1588) son of the for- 
mer king. 

Christian IV, (A. D. 1588-1648) son of Fred- 
erick II. 

Frederick III, (A. D. 1648-16 70) changed the 
government from an elective to a liereditary mon- 
archy, vested in his own family. 

Christian V, (A. D. 1670-1699) son of the for- 
mer monarch, succeeded by his son. 

Frederick IV, (A. D. 1699-1730) joined the 
league against Charles XII of Sweden. 

Christian VI, (A. D- 1730-1746) succeeded 
his father on the throne of Denmark. 

Frederick V, (A. D. 1746-1766) succeeded his 
father. 

Christian VII, (A. D. 1766-1808) son of the 



CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 



25^ 



precediu£f; married Matilda, sister of George III, 
of England. In a fit of jealousy he subsequently 
banished his wife to Zell, and executed two of his 
l<>ading ministers. 

Queen Matilda died in Exile. 

Frederick VI, (A. D. 1808-1839) the crown 
Prince, who ha<i been declared regent in 1784, on 
account of his father's insanity, acceeded to the 
throne in 1808. 

Christian VIII, uV. D. 1839-184:8) succeeded 
his father on the throne. 

Frederick VII, (A. D. 1848-1863) succeeded 
his father, and reigned till the time of his deatli 
\ov. 1.5, 1863. 

Christian IX, (A. D. 1863-1878.) 

SWEDISH DTNA8TY. 

The introduction of Christianity by Ausgarins, 
A. D. 829, appears to fix the first definite period of 
Swedish history. The ejirly records of the country 
embracing more than five centuries, are indentical 
with the history, and government of Denmark. As a 
scjiarate kingdom we date from the reign of Mar- 
garet Waldemar, A. D. 1389, who exercised sover- 
eignty over Denmark, Sweden and Norway. 

Each kingdom, appears to have been governed 
by its own laws, uniting only in a common sovei- 
eign. 

Eric the grand-nephew of the Queen, joined 
her in the government, about A. D. 1397. This 
united reign continued, till the death of Margaret 
in 1412, when Eric received full authority over 
both kingdoms, and continued the reign until 1433. 
An interregnum of about seven years followed, 
when the government was assumed by Christopher 
III, who reigned eight years, and was succeded Ijy 
Christian I, (from A. D 1448-1481.) 

John, (A. D. 1481-1520) succeeded his father 
on the unite«l throne in which he was followed by 
Christian II, whose rule appears to have begun 
in Sweden in 1520. 

Christian II, (A. D. 1520-1523) was the last 
Danish ruler. The cruelties of this monarch,earned 
him the title, the "Nero of the North." He was 
forced to abdicate the throne, and henceforth Sweden 
has maintained a separate dynasty. 

Gnstavus Vasa, (A. D. 1523-1560) a. young 
Swedish nobleman, by whose valor Sweden wa6 



delivered from the Danish yoke, was the first rnler 
under the independent dynasty. 

Eric XIV, (A. D. 1560-1568) son of Gnstavus, 
succeeded his father on tlie throne. After a reign 
of eight years he was dethroned, and died in pris- 
on. 

John III, (A. D. 1568-1592) brother of Eric, . 
followed his unfortunate predecessor on the throne, 
and enjoyed a reign of nearly a quarter of a cen- 
tury. 

Segismnnd, (A. D. 1592-1604) king of Poland, 
and son of the former monarch, succeeded King 
John on the throne of Sweden. 

Charles IX, (A. D. 1604^1611) brother of John 
III, succeeded his nephew in possession of the 
Swedish crow^l and administered the goveniment 
seven years. 

Gnstavus Adolphus, (A. D. 1611-1632) son of 
Charles IX, was the most renowned King, Sweden 
had produced. He was successful in his conflicts, 
with Russia, Poland and Denmark. Having es- 
poused the cause of the Protestants in their btrug- 
gles with the Roman Catholics, he advanced an 
army into Germany, and seemed about to bring all 
Europe at his feet, when he fell in the Sanguinary 
battle of Lutzcn, 1632. 

Christina, (A. D. 1633-1654) daughter of 
Gnstavus Adolphus, succeeded her father on the 
throne. She continued the war, so auspiciously be- 
gun by her father, in the interests of the reform- 
ed faith, and achieved some important results, 
through her formidable battalions, led by those in- 
trepid commanders, who had been trained by the 
great Adolplus. 

This Queen was remarkable for her learning; 
but her acts of cnielty blacken her character. She 
abandoned the faith of her father, resigned her 
crown to her cousin Charles Gustavue, and found 
an asylum among her former enemies at Rome, 
where she died April 19, 1689. 

Charles X, (A. D. 1654-1660) Count Palatine 
of the Rhine, accepted the royal gift of his cousin, 
and occupied the Swedish throne six years. 

Charles XI, (A. D. 1660-1697) son of the 
former King, enjoyed a long, and somewhat pros- 
perous reign. The arts^and sciences were liberally 
patronized by this King. 

Charles XII, (A. D. 1697-1719) eon of the 



so 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



fonner monarch, ascended the throne at the age of 
fifteen. His short life was eventful, and romantic 
in a high degree. At the age of eighteen years, he 
gained a brilliant victory over the Russians at 
Narva; with a force of only 8,000 men, he attacked 
the Russian army in their trenches, and inflicted 
upon them the incredible loss of 30,000 killed and 
20,000 prisoners. 

> In the battle of Pultowa, July 8, 1709, he met 
an overwhelming defeat by Peter the Great. 
Charles was wounded in tbe engagement, and car- 
ried off the field in a litter. He retired to Bender 
in Turkey, where he met some strange experiences. 
Inl7U3, he invaded Norway; two years later he 
sought to prosecute the war in Norway, but was 
checked in his progress at the siege of Frederick- 
ehall, where he fell mortally wounded by a cannon 
shot, Dec. 11, 1718. His reckless daring won for 
him the appellation, "the madman of the north." 

His victorious career, much resembles that of 
Alexander; his romantic life, is a reproduction of 

Cervantes, Don Quixote. 

Ulrica Eleouora, (A. D. 1719-1741) sister ot 
Charles XII, and consort of Frederick I, ascended 
the throne upon the death of her brother. 

Frederick I, (A. D. 1741—1751) continued 
the reign in his own person, about ten years after 
the death of his consort. 

Adolphus Frederick, (A. D. 1751—1771) de- 
Tjeuded from the family of Vasa, was the next oc- 
cupant of the Swedish throne. 

Gustavus III, (A. D. 1771—1792) eldest son 
of the former King, soon allayed the revolutionary 
spirit which convulsed his kingdom; but misguided 
by ambition, arrayed himself against the French 
revolutionists, which act provoked domestic discord, 
and he perished by a shot from Count Ankarstroem, 
at a masquerade in Stockholm, March 15, 1792. 

Gustavus IV, (A, D. 1792—1809) son of the 
former, was dethroned, and the government assum- 
ed by his uncle the Duke of Sudermania. Under 
assumed names, and in straitened circumstances, 
Gustavus wandered in Europe, until his death, 
which occurred in Switzerland. 

Charles XIII, (A.D. 1809-1818) uncle of the 
former prince, wrested the throne from his relative, 
and reigned nine years. 

Charles XIV, (A. D. 1818—1844) a French 



Prince, was the next occupant of the Swedish 
throne. 

Oscar I, (A. D. 1844—1859) son of Charles 
XIV, succeeded his father in the crown, and 
reigned about fifteen years. 

NORWEIGIAN GOVERNMENT. 

Norway, was divided into petty principalities, 
until the ninth century, and was little known except 
for piracies. In A. D. 1029, the country was con- 
quered by Canute the Great, of Denmark. 

The Norwegians, recovered their independanee 
on the death of Canute. In A. D. 1397, the coun. 
try was again incorporated with Denmark. A 
peaceful union continued until, A. D. 1814, when 
by a treaty with Great Britain, Norway was ceded 
to Sweden ; and has since been under the Sover- 
eignty of the King of Sweden, but allowed to ad- 
minister its laws under its own Constitution. 

POKTUGE8K DYNASTY. 

The Romans knew Portugal by the name of 
Lusitaina. After their day, it was successively 
subject to the Suevi, the Goths, and the Moors. 
About the beginning of the twelfth century, Portu- 
gal regained her liberty by the valor of Henry of 
Lorraine, (grand-son of Robert, King of France) 
who administered the government under the title of 
Count. 

Henry I, (A. D. 1093-1111) the Count of 
Portugal, became the first ruler under the indei)end- 
ent dynasty. 

Alphonso, son of Henry and Theresa, and 
another Prince bearing the same name, exercised a 
qxiasi dominion, from (A. D. 1111-1139) when 
Alphonso Henriquez, also son of King Henry, 
gained a decisive victory over a vast army of 
Moors, commanded by five Kings, on the plains of 
Ourique. 

Alphonso I, (A. D. 1139-1185) was proclaim- 
ed King of Portugal by the soldiers who had shared 
with him the great victory over the Moors. 

Sancho I, [A. D. 1185-1212] son of Alphonso, 
succeeded to the throne. 

Alphonso U, [A. D. 1212-1223J was the 
next occupant of the Portugese tiirone. 

Sancho II, [A. D. 1223-1248] after wearing 
the crown about twenty -five years was deposed ; and 
the throne occupied by, 



CHRONOLOGY AMD CONTEMPORANEOUS niSTORY 



31 



Alphonso III, [A. D.1248-1270.] 

Denis, [A. D. 1270-1325] also called Diony- 
pius, enjoyed a prosperous reign of fifty five years. 

Alpjionso IV, [A. D. 1225-1357] seems also 
to have enjoyed a peaceful and protracted reign. 

Peter, [A. D. 1357-1367] was chiefly noted 
for his severity. 

Ferdinand I, [A. D. 1367-1384] succeeded his 
father in the crown of Portugal. On the death of 
this prince in 1383, the State settled the crown 
upon his brother John. 

John I, [A. D. 1384-1433] married Philippa, 
daughter of Jolm, Grand Duke of Lancaster. 
Under this enterprising prince, the first voyages of 
discovery in the western ocean, were projected. 

Edward, [A. D. 1433-1438] followed in pos- 
session of the crown of Portugal. 

Alphonso V, [A. D. 1438-1481] the Afri- 
can, ascended the throne left vacant by Edward. 

John n, [A. D. 1481-1495] the great grand- 
son of John J, a prince of fine natural, and acquired 
ability, succeeded Alphonso the African. In this 
reign the Portugese matle contj uests in Africa, and 
discovered the Cape of Good Hope. 

Emmanuel, [A. D. 1495-1512] the fortunate 
prince who next occupied the Portugese throne, 
encouraged tlie spirit of discovery. lie sent out 
a fleet under Vasco de Gama, which explored un- 
known seas, touched on the coast of Malabar, and 
discovered Brazil, in 1510. This reisn is further 
noted for the planting of Colonies in Africa, and 
America, and the erection of an Empire in India. 

John III, [A. D. 1521-1557]son of Emmanuel, 
succeeded his father on the throne. John continued 
the discoveries, and commercial enterprise begun, 
by his father in India: But a misguided religious 
zeal, led him to introduce the bloody Inquisition 
in 1536, which contributed no little toward the 
decline of the Portugese power, and influence. 

Sebastian, [A. D. 1557-1578] son of the for- 
mer, had developed, in his education by the Jesuits 
a wild fanaticism which resulted in his death, in a 
battle with the Moors in Africa, Aug., 4, 1578. 
Leaving no issue, the crown reverted to his. great 
uncle. 

Henry II, [A. D. 1578-1580] a Romish Cardi- 
nal. On the death of Henry, Anthony his brother 



8eizt>d the crown but was deposed by Philip II, of 
Spain, who united Portugal to his own dominion. 
Philip, II, [A. D. 1580-1640] of Spain and 
Portugal. 

John IV, [A. D. 1640-1656] Duke of Bragan- 
za, dispossessed the Spaniards in a bloodless revo- 
lution, and was proclaime<t King, Dec. 1, 1640. 

Alphonso VI, [A. D. 1656-1683] son of the 
former, deposed in 1688, on account of his cruelties 
and his brother Peter, made regent. 

Peter II, (,A. D. 1683-1706) accepted the 
crown which his unworthy brother had forfeited, 
and enjo^'ed a prosperous reign of nearly two score 
years, including liis regency. 

John V, "(A. D. 1706-1750) succeeded his 
father in the throne; and liis mild reign was great- 
ly condusive, to the advance inent of tiie Arts, and 
the establisliment of confidence in commercial 
circles. 

Joseph I, (A. D. 1750-1777) succeeded his 
father. His reign is memorable for the banishment 
of the Jesuites, and the destruction of Lisbon by 
an earthquake, which caused the loss of fully 
10,000 lives. 

Maria and Peter III, (A. D. 1777-1816) 
having been married by special dispensation of 
Pope Pius VI, ascended the throne and reigned 
jointly. Maria, was the daughter, and Peter the 
brother of the preceding monarch. On the death 
of Peter (^178(5) Maria continued the reign in her 
own person until, 1792, when having become dis. 
qualified by a state of melancholv, which some 
liave called insanity, her son John was appointed 
regent. 

John VI, (A. D. 1816-1826) reigned thirty- 
four years, including his regency. During this 
reign the French invaded Portugal, and John was 
compelled to retire from the country. He fled 
with hi.s afflicted mother to Rio de Janeiro, South 
America, where the seat of the Portugese govern- 
ment, was established for about fifteen years. The 
English having compelled the French to withdraw 
from Portugal in 1808, John subsequently returned 
to Iiis capital in Europe. 

Peter IV, (A. D. 1826—1828) called Dom 
Pedro, succeeded his father in the throne of Portu- 
gal, and in the new Brazilian Empire. After con- 



32 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



ceding the constitutional government, substituted 
tor the old absolute power which had been claimed 
by the Kings of Portugal up to this time, he gave 
the crown of Portugal to his daughter Maria da 
Gloria, (himself remaining King during her minor 
ity,)on condition of her marrying her uncle Miguel. 
When however Peter r(*tired to his Empire in 
Brazil, his brother Miguel seized the throne, and 
successfully maintained himself for live years, 
during the civil war. 

In 1834, Miguel was expelled,and Maria really 
entered upon her reign. 

Maria II, (A. D. 1828-1853) succeeding her 
father on the throne, may be said to have worn the 
crown of Portugal about tw«nty-five years; though 
her Uncle contrary to the stipulations of her father, 
had witliheld the scepter from iier for about live 
years. 

Peter V, (A. D. 1853-1878) son of Maria II, 
ascended the throne upon tlie deatli of his motlier. 

RUSSIAN DYNA8TIK8. 

In the great plains eastward from the river 
Elbe, dwelt tl\e Slavonians, (a pastoral people more 
numerous, but less powerful tliau the Teutons,) 
ancestors of the modern Poles. Bohemians, 
Bulgarians, Ulyrians and a very large proportion 
of the Russians. 

The history of Russia cannot properly be said 
to commence, before the middle of the ninth 
century. About A. I). 850, a Scandinavian band 
crossed the Baltic, and settled in Russia. Tliese 
people were called Varagian.s. They were led by 
three brotlier8,Ruriek, Sineiia, andTruror. Rurick 
founded a dynasty whicli^ continued to rule uuin- 
teruptedly till 1598. We give the leading Rus- 
sian sovereigns only. 

liurick, (A. D. 862-878) founder of the old 
dynasty. Igor, Olega, Swiatoslaw and Jaroj)alk I, 
exercised a limited jwwer for 102 years. 

Vladimir I, (A. D. 980-1015) married Anna, 
sister of the Emperor Basil II, became a christian, 
according to the Greek church in 988, and estab- 
lished the Greek faith in Russia. 

On the death of this prince the country was 
disrupted by civil war. The various factions led 
by his several sons, each of whom was eager to 
grasp the crown. 



Yaroslaf I, (A. D. 1015-1054) the most noted 
of these princes, reunited the government, but a 
dissolution again occurred at his death; and Russia 
was convulsed with civil war, and harrassed by 
Polish invasions for a full half century. The fol- 
lowing petty sovereigns struggled for the mastery 
until the ascendency of Vladimir II, was acknowl- 
edged: Isjialaw I, Wsewolod I, Swiatopalk. 

Vladimir II, (A. D. 1114-1125) is again fol- 
lowed by petty sovereigns, who rule under the 
following names until the establishment of the 
Dukedom of Vladimir: Meichael I, Jaropalk II, 
Wiatschelaw, Wsewolod II, Isjialawll, Rostislaw, 
and George I. The city of Moscow was founded 
by this last prince. 

DUKEDOM OF VI.ADIMIK, (A. D. 1157-1325.) 

Andrew I, (A. D. 1157-1175) prince of White 
Russia, assumed the title of Grand Duke. 

The Dukes whose names appear in the annals 
of this period, are, Michael II, Wselwolod III, 
George II, Constantine, Jaraslaw lI^Alexander- 
Nevski, Jaraslaw III, Basil I, Demetrius I, Andrew 

II, Daniel- Alexandrovitz, George III, Michael 

III, Basil II. This period, extending over about 
168 years, is chiefly distinguished by civil war, and 
conflicts with the Poles; the Tartar invasion in 
1223, under Toushi, and again i» 1236, under his 
son Batu, in which the whole country was brought 
under Tartar dominion. Th« Tartar rule, left little 
privilege to the native princes; still the semblance 
of government was continued at Vladimir until 
about 1320, when the seat of the Russian govern- 
ment was removed to Moscow. 

DUKEDOM OF MOSCOW, (A. D. 1328-1533.) 

John I, (A. D. 1328-1340) also called Ivan, 
was the flrst ruler under the New Dukedom. He 
was followed in the government by Simon, John 
II, Demetrius II, Demetrius III, Basil III, Basil 

IV, and John III. 

Under the last named prince, the last vestiges, 
of Tartar serfdom in Russia, were obliterated. 

John III, (A. D. 1462-1505) won for himself 
an important place in history. His reign marks a 
new epoch in the annals of Russia. John was united 
in marriage with Sophia, niece of the last Greek 
Emperor. He was the first who assumed the title 



CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 



33 



of Czar, or Emperor, and is usually regarded tlie 
founder of the Russian Empire. 

Basil V, (A. D. 1505-1533) «oii «.f Sopliia, 
succeed to the throne instead of Demetrius, eldest 
son of John. He became involved in a war with the 
Poles,and sul)se(juentl\' with the Crim Tartars. Tho 
latter entered Russia, and having captured Moscow, 
compelled Basil to accept a jxjsition of Vassalage, in 
1520. Basil obtained tlie title of Emperor from 
MiLxmiiian I, of Germany. 

CzAKDoMOF Muscovy, (A. D. 1533-1689.) 

Ivan IV, (A. D. '1533-1584) the same as John 
IV, succeeded Basil V. He was an able prince, 
and in his nutnerous wars, with tlie Tartars, Poles, 
Swedes, Danes and Turks, was generally successful. 
In 1553, the English trade was begun tlirough 
Arcliangel. Silwjria was anutixeil to the empire 
in 1581. The art of |>rinting and certain branches 
of manufacture were introduced about the close of 
this reign. 

Theodore I, {A. I) 1584-1598) son uf Ivin. 
supposed to have been poisoned. ■ 

Boris Godoonoff, (A. D. 1598-1<)06) the broth- 
er-in-law, and minister* of Theodore was placed on 
the throne. The beginnijig of this reign was 
signalized by the emancipation of the Russian 
serfs, and other just and liberal acts; but the spirit 
of the tyrant, at length betrayed itself in acts of 
cruelty, which cost iiiin his throne, and his 
life. 

Demetrius, (^A. D. 1606 — ) the lost brother of 
Theodore, who had wrested the crown from God- 
oonoff was himself dethroned and put to deatii in 
less tlian a year after he began his reign. 

Jouinski, (A. D. 1606-1610) the leader of the 
revolutionary party, seized tht throne. The coun- 
try was distracted by anarchy and civil war, during 
this reign, and an interregnum of about three years 
passed in which desperate efforts were made by both 
the Poles and Swedes to seat a prince of their own 
nation upon the Russian throne. 

The Poles were repulsed in a sjingninary battle 
at Moscow in 1613, and a convocation of deputies 
from the nobles, priests, and burgesses of each 
province, was held to elect a Czar. Michael 
Romanoff, was chosen. Sensible of the dangers 
and cares which hedged about the throne amid these 



convulsions, the Czar eldfet, declined the honor. 
He was iiowever persuaded to undertake the gov- 
ernment and made one of the most efficient and 
popular rulers of his time. 

Michael Romanoft",(A. D. 1613-1645) the first 
rulerof the great Romanoff dynasty, had wandered 
in exile, and suffered in prison, but now he was 
placed in a position to demand the release of the 
royal captives. His father who languished in the 
Polish prison at Warsaw, wa.>; rescued by him, and 
his mild reign was characterized by reforms in 
social life. 

It is claimed that he prohibited the use of 
tobacco, as injurious to health and strength; and 
issued a j)rohibition law, against the use of ardent 
spirits. 

Alexis, (A. D. 1645-1676) son of the former, 
was unlike his fatlier. Through himself and Ids 
chief minister Morosoif, the offices, and employ- 
ments of government were made articles of taffic. 
The oppressed Russians finally rose in arms against 
these abuses and oppressions; but the reeking hand 
of despotism subdued their cries for justice witl) 
■ the bloody sword and legal chain . 

Toward 1 he close of this reign, a straggling 
ra^' of hope fell upon the victims of this cruel 
despotism, and some advantages were secured to 
the people by intercourse with the more advanced 
countries of the West. 

Theodore II, (A. D. 1676-1682) succeeds his 
father. Ho was a sickly prince, and after a mere 
nominal reign of six years, left the throne to his 
brothers. 

Ivan V, and Peter I.(A. D. 1682-1725) brother 
and half-brother of Theodore, reigiicd jointly for 
about seven 3'ears. Ivin was almost blind, very 
deaf, and withal idiotic. Peter was little more 
than three years of age. Sophia the beautiful and 
accomplished sister of Ivin, was made regent. 
Sophia attempted to secure the crown to herself, 
but was defeated in the undertakinar. 

Peter I, (A. D. 1689-1725) the Great, now 
ascended the throne in his own name, and as the 
idiotic Ivin did not interfere with the government 
he was allowed to live in private, and die in peace, 
in 1696. Peter's reign was very marked in advanc- 
ing Russia to a leading position among the powers 
of Europe. 



84 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



Many curious things are relat«id of this mon- 
arch. Realizing the necessity of a better navy, he 
visited Holland, under an assumed name in 1698, 
engaged himself as a common laborer among the 
ship-wrights in the dock-yard. From Holland he 
went to England and engaged in like manner in 
the royal dock-yard at Deptford. He hewed and 
hammered like any other fru£;al workman, until he 
had acquired the trade, when he returned to his 
own country, and taught his subjects the art of 
ship buildiug. 

Catharine I, (A, D. 172ft-1727) wife of Peter 
the Great, had been designated by the Emperor, his 
successor. Leaving the management of the affairs of 
the state to her chief minister Menschikoff, the 
Empress, gave herself up to the most unrestrained 
gratification of her appetites and passions. These 
excesses, developed tlie most loathsome maladies 
from wliich she died, after the brief reign of two 
years. 

Peter II, (A. D. 1727-1730) son of Alexis, 
obtained the tlirone. During his minority Men- 
schikoff, continued tlie management of the govern- 
ment, until his oppressive measures, secured his 
banishment to Siberia. Ivan Dalgorusky, brother- 
in-law to the young Emperor, suc-ceeded to the 
ministry and usurped tlie crown. . 

Anne, (A. D. 1730-1740) daughter of Ivan, 
was chosen by a caucus of generals and nobles, to 
succeed her father. Contrary to a pledge she had 
given those who had raised her to the throne, she 
placed Biren, her former Chamberlain, at the head 
of the government. Exile and the knout were the 
principles by which he ruled. It is affirmed, his 
banishments to Siberia, would average a lialf dozen 
per day. 

The empress, cared little for the lives of her 
subjects so long as she could indulge herself in 
"cheerful 7nnsic and gay dancing. ^^ 

A little wliile before her death having been 
offended by one of her ministers, Volynski ; she 
ordered his tongue torn from the roots, his right 
hand cut off, and his mtitilated body beheaded. 

Ivan VI, (A. D. 1740-1741) grand nephew of 
the late empress, was declared heir to the throne. 
But the innocent three months old babe, with his 
mother Anne of Mecklenburg only sixteen yeare of 
age, as regent, could not be expected to enjoy the 



honors of royalty very long. He was dethroned, 
and the Princess Elizabeth made empress. 

Elizabeth, (A. D. 1741-1762) daughter of 
Peter the Great; on ascending the throne, impris- 
oned the infant Ivan and the royal family. 

Elizabeth exhibited some traits of nobility as 
well, as others of cruelty. She abolished capital 
punishment; but substituted other cruel modes of 
torture. 

Like Elizabeth of England she never married, 
but was less noble than her namesake. She resign- 
ed the management of state affairs to her minister, 
Panin, and abandoned lierself to shameless de- 
bauch. She died in 1762, "of delirium tremens, 
with a half emptied bramly bottle in lier hand and 
obscene ravings on her tongue.'" 

The throne was left to Peter III, nephew of 
Elizabeth; who can hardly be said to have reigned. 
Conspiracies were at once formed, whicli speedily 
deprived this dissolute prince of his crown. On 
the 9th of July 1762, Catharine, consort of Peter, 
entered the capifill in the absence of the Czar, and 
reported her life imi>erriled by the decree other 
husband. Tlie soldiery declared for her, and she 
was crowned by the Archbishop of Novogorod, as 
sovereign of Russia, under the name of Catharine 
II. Peter was thrown into* prison by order of the 
empress, where his life was put out by the admin- 
istration of poison. 

Catharine II, (A. D. 1762-1796) who formerly 
bore the name Sophia, was a Prussian ; and again 
illustrated the abuse of tlie aj)pellation "Great," by 
moulding her crimes in colossal dimensions. She 
conceived many grand schemes which were never 
executed; and founded cities which were never 
built. On returning from a site on the Dnieper, 
where he liad accompanied the empress to lay tlie 
foundation stone of a new city, Joseph II, of 
Austria drily remarked, "The empress, and I, have 
this day achieved a great work; she has laid the 
first stone of a great city, and I have laid the 
last." 

The most redeeming feature of her life was, 
the encouragement she gave to the development of 
Russian literature. 

Paul I, (A. D. 1796-1801) son of the preced- 
ing empress, succeeded his mother on the throne. 
He modified some of tlie worst measures of his 



CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 



35 



mothers reign : But his subsequent conduct pro- 
voked a conspiracy, and he was murdered iu his bed 
chamber. His death cry was, "and thou too my 
Constantine!" 

Alexander I, [A. D. 1801-1825] was crowned, 
September 27, 1801, at the age of twenty-four. 
This emperor endeavored to promote the welfare of 
Russia. He broke the fetters which had so long 
paralized her commerce, and domestic industry; 
established schools; elevated the j)ea6antry; reor- 
ganized the military arm of government; modified 
the laws; improved the public highways; rewarded 
merit in his snbjectb; and contributed in other ways 
toward the promotion of his empire. His conduct 
amid the stirring scenes of the French revolution, 
and his connection with Napoleon Bonaparte, ex- 
hibited dignified ambition, and noble bearing, quite 
in advance of many of his predecessors. 

Nicholas, (A. D. 1S25-1S55) succeeded Iuh 
brother Alexander, Constantine the parricide, hav- 
ing relinquished his claim to the throne, and enter- 
ed upon the domination of Poland. 

Nicholas like his predecessor, sought to de- 
velop the esoteric resources of his empire; building 
extensive lines of rail way, and fostering internal 
industries. His ambition finallj' involved him in 
a war with Turkey, and her European allies, in the 
midst of which he fell by the hand of disease, and 
was followed on the throne by his son. 

Alexander II, (A. D. 1855-1878) continued 
the war of the Crimea in which his father was in- 
volved at the time of his death. After an obstinate 
contest which continued many months, he was 
overpowered, and terms of peace were agreed 
upon. 

Subsequently, in 1877, he became again in- 
volved in war with Turkey, the issues of wliich 
were more favorable to the Czar. 

TORKiSH EMPiKE (Ottoman.) 

This Empire embraces territory in Europe, 
Asia, and Africa. Turkey iu Europe contains 
about 300,000, square miles, and 15,500,000, in- 
haditants. Turkey in Asia, embraces about 560, 
OOO, square miles of territory, and 16,050,000, in- 
habitants: The Turkish possessions in Africa are 
made up of the states of Egypt, Tripoli and Tunis. 

The Turks were of Asiatic origin. In the lat- 



ter part of the thirteenth century Osman at the 
head of a band of warriors took possession of the 
country of the Seleucidae in Asia Minor. The 
con(^ueror assumed the name of Sultan, and pursu- 
ing his conquests, took the city of Prusa in Bithy- 
nia which he made the capital of his Empire. 

The Sultans of Turkey begin with the above 
named conqueror. 

Osman, (A. D. 1299-1326) was also called 
Ottoman, gave the latter name to that autocratic 
dynasty, which nearly six centuries ago domiciled 
itself in one of the best portions of the globe, and 
has since sustained itself by extortion and plunder. 

Orchan, (A. D. 1326-1360) son of the former. 

Amurath I, (A. D. 1360-1389) son of Orchan, 
was assassinated by one of his own soldiers. 

Bajazet I, (A. D. 1389-1402) sou of Amurath 
became involved in a war with Tamerlane the cele- 
brated sovereign of Tartary. 

The Tartars who had everywhere been victori- 
ous, entered Asia Minor, and confronted the army 
of the Sultan between Caesarea and Angora. The 
field was stubbornly contested on both sides, and 
the battle is said to have been one of the bloodiest 
ever fought. 

Tamerlane was victorious, and Bajazet was 
made prisoner, and thrown into the iron cage which 
he had prepared for his antagonist. 

His chagrin made him desperate, and he beat 
his brains out against the bars of his cage. 

Solyman I, (A. D. W:02-1410) son of the pre- 
vious Sultan, secured the crown, but was subse- 
quently dethroned by his brother, Musa Chelebi. 

Musa, (A. D. 1410-1413) succeeded Solyman, 
but was allowed to reign only three years, when 
he was put to death in a violent manner, and the 
crown seized by another brother. 

Mohammed I, (A. D. 1413-1421) perhaps the 
most gifted son of Bajazet, was able, by his cour- 
age and talents to exercise dominion over the Turks 
for about eight years. 

Amurath II, (A. D. 1421-1451) who succeeded 
his father on the throne, was a brave but cruel man. 
He captured Thessalonica and put the inhabitants to 
the sword. He also won the famous battle of Var- 
na, in which Ladislaus, King of Hungary was slain. 
The moral atmosphere,in which he lived, like all his 
predecessors, was sultry. 



36 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



Mohammed II, (A. D. 1451-1481) the great- 
est warrior of all the Turkish Sultans, won several 
brilliaut victories. On May 20, 1453, he captured 
Constantinople, and thus put an end to the Greek 
Empire, and established the seat of Turkish domin- 
ion more firmly in Eurojie. 

Bajazet II, (A. D. 1481-1512) succeeded his 
fatlier on the throne. He continued the work of 
conquest begun by his predecessor; but finally ex- 
hausted by fatigue and debauchery he was about to 
abdicate in favor of his eldest son, when he was de- 
tlironed by Seliin a younger son . 

Selim I, (A. D. 1512-1520) .signalized his 
reign by the massacre of his relatives, and others 
who might embarrass his ambitious designs. 

His arms acquired territorj' in Egypt, Persia 
and Armenia. 

Solymau II, [A. D. 1520-1566] had scarcely 
mounted the throne when he formed the design 
of extending his Empire as mucli in Europe as his 
father had extended it in Asia. The undertaking 
was accomplished by the most cruel and barbarous 
means. 

Selim II, [A. D. 1566-1574] son of Solyman, 
made peace with Germany and Persia, and fur- 
ther enlarged the Ottoman Empire. 

In 1572, the Turkish navy, hitherto the most 
formidable in Europe, was almost anihilated in 
the great battle of Lepanto. 

Amuratii III, [A. D. 1574-1595] on ascending 
the throne of his father, m^de war upon Russia, 
Poland, German}', and Venice, and subdued the 
province of Georgia. 

He had twenty sons, nineteen of whom were 
cruely put to death l)y the eldest, who succeeded 
his father on the throne as Mohammed III. 

Mohammed III, [A. D. 1595-1603] had no 
sooner ascended the throne, than he caused other 
executions, among them his eldest son, a prince of 
excellent qualities. 

Ahmed, [A. D. 1G03-1617] succeeded his father 
at the age of 15 years. 

His reign is chiefly memorable for the great 
fires in Constantinople. 

Mustapha, [A. D. 1617-1618] succeeded his 
brother; but was soon deposed on account of his 
cruelty, and entombed in the castle of the seven 
towers . 



Osman II, [A. D, 1618-1622] was placed on 
the throne, but after a reign of four years he was 
murdered, and his uncle restored to the throne. Af- 
ter occupying the throne about one year Mustaplia 
was again deposed. 

Amurath IV, [A. D. 1623-1640] the brother 
of Osman, who now succeeded his uncle on the 
throne, was a prince of both courage and cruel- 

Ibralmn, [A. D. 1640-1648] brother of Amu- 
rath, who had languislied four years in prison, was 
elevated to the throne. After a nine years reign 
he was compelled to abdicate the throne, and soon 
afterward, was put to death. 

Mohammed IV, [A. D. 1649-1687] son of the 
unfortunate Ibrahim,enjoyed a long and prosperous 
reign. He conducted the campaign against Crete, 
and added that island to the dominion of the cres- 
ent. The reign of this merciful prince, marks an 
important page in the liistory of Turkey. 

Solyman III, [A. D. 1687-1691] was placed on 
tlie throne by the soldery wlio deposed his brother. 
He engaged in war with Germany and Venice, but 
was unsuccessful. 

Ahmed II, [A. D. 1691-1695] succeeded his 
brotiier. He was a weak prince, with little power 
to do evil, and little disposition to do good. 

Mustapha II, [A. D. 1695-1703] eldest son of 
Mohammed IV, was disposed after a reign of eight 
years. 

Ahmed III, [A. D. 1703-1730] who succeeded 
liis brother as Sultan of Turkey, is chiefly remem- 
bered for his cruelty tt) a body oi 14,000 soldiers 
who revolted under his tyranny. It is said "they 
were carried ofl'in the night, and drowned in the 
J'.osjihorus." Ahmed was involved in wars with 
Russia, Germany, Venice and Persia, which made 
serious drafts upon tlie resources of the Empire. 
He was deposed in 1730, and his nephew elevated 
to the throne. 

Mahmud I, [A. D. 1730-1754] also called 
Mohammend V, afl'octed considerable alterations in 
the conduct of the government. He was unsuc- 
cessful in his war with Russia, and was obliged to 
make important concessions to Kouli Khan in 
Persia. 

Osman III, [A. D. 1754-1757] released from 
prison to ascend the throne, on the death of his 



CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 



37 



brotlier, enjoyed the Jiouors of royalty for about 
three years. 

Mustapha III, [A. D. 1757-1774] son of 
Ahmed II, obtained the crown. A war broke out 
between the Turks and Russians, in 1769 which 
continued about live years, and proved very dis- 
astrous to tlie Turkish Empire. 

Ahmed IV, [A. D. 1774-1788] called also 
Abdulhaniid, succeeded his brother. The dishon- 
orable peace which he was compelled to make 
[1774] with the Russians, was the first serious blow 
strnck, in breaking up this great autocratic power. 

Selim III, [1788-1807] son of Mustaplia, 
ascended the throne in the midst of another war, 
which decided in favor of Russia. 

A civil war, which is thought to have been 
excited by the French, resulted in the dethrone- 
ment of Selim, and the elevation of his nepliew to 
the throne. 

Mustiipha IV, (A. D. 1807-1808) had barely 
reached the throne, when by a new revolution, he 
was luirled from the seat of Empire, and himself 
and uncle [Selim] put to death. 

Mahmond II, [A. D. 1808-1839] was called to 
the throne, recently made vacantby the murder of 
liis brother. 

In the second year of his reign Mahmond be- 
came involved in a war witli Russia, which con- 
tinued about three years, resulting in tiie acquisition 
of some territory by the Turks. The Greek revo- 
lution broke out in 1821 and continued until 1829, 
when the Turks were compelled to concede the in- 
dependence of the land of scholars and of arts. 

Abdul Medjid, [A. D. 1839-1861] carried on 
the reforms which had been commenced by his 
father. He sought to engraff the arts of European 
civilization upon the barbarous Turks. 

But the dreary night-mare of Mohammedan- 
ism,had ill fitted them for such tuition. Tlie Turk is 
still a Turk. 

Abdul Aziz, [A. D. 1861-1876] succeeded the 
former Sultan, in the Ottoman Empire. He was 
deposed during the civil convulsions of 1876, and 
his nephew Murad Effendi, declared Sultan. 

Murad Effendi, [A. D. 1876-1878] had assum- 
ed the reigns of government but about three 
months, when a new revolution broke out in 
European Turkey. Russia became the champion 



of the oppressed Christian provinces, and the war 
was prosecuted with considerable energy for several 
months. 

By the interposition of other European powers, 
a peace commission was assembled at Berlin Prus- 
sia, and such terms agreed upon, as put an end to 
the war, and further limited the power of the Otto- 
man Empire. 



PRUSSIAN DYNASXy. 



Prussia was raised from a duchy to a kingdom 
in 1701,by Frederick, son of the elector of Branden- 
burg. Her early history like that of Austria, is 
included in the general history of Germany. 

There is no state religion in Prussia. The 
royal family, and a majority of tlie people at the 
present time are Calvinistic in doctrine, though the 
different denominations of christians are allowed 
freedom to worship God. A superior system of 
education prevails; embracing the primary schools 
and great universities. Among the latter schools 
for higher learning, the Universities of Berlin, 
Bonn, Greifswald, Halle, Muneter, and Konigsberg, 
rank with the best in the world. 

The late struggles for larger freedom have re- 
sulted in securing a species of constitutional liberty 
based upon representation. Berlin the capitol is 
situated on the river Spree, and has a population of 
about a half million. 

Frederick I, (A. D. 1701-1713) son of Freder- 
ick William, established the separate Prussian 
dynasty. 

Frederick William I, (A D. 1713-1740) son of 
the previous monarch was a wise and politic 
prince. 

Frederick II, (A. D. 1740-1786) usually called 
Frederick the Great, son of the former, was one of 
the first military, political, and literary characters 
that ever filled a throne. He was however very 
despotic in his administration. 

His reign is pregnant with stirring historical 
events, in 1756, Russia, Austria and France 
leagued against him, but found in Frederick, a 
"foeman worthy their steel." He maintained him- 
self against these powerful allies in a seven years 
war. 

Frederick William II, (A. D. 1786-1797) 
nephew of Frederick the Great, succeeded to the 



88 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



throne. He is known as "a weak and unwise 
prince." 

Frederick William III, (A. D. 1797-1840) who 
next ascended the throne, laid claim to the Elector- 
ate of Hanover, and thus became involved in a war 
with Napoleon Bonaparte. 

Frederick, was defeated in the celebrated bat- 
tle of Jena, and Napoleon pushing his conquests 
brought the Prnssian kingdom under his sway. 

An alliance of the, European powers recovered 
the territory and restored it to the unfortunate 
Frederick. 

Frederick William IV, (A. D. 1840-1861) 
succeeded his father upon the Prussian throne. 
The revolutionary wave of 1848, rolled through 
Prussia, but the king by bowing to the popular 
will for a time, allayed the tumult. 

William I, (A. D. 1861-1878) brother of Fred- 
erick William IV, ascended the throne in 1861. 
In 1866, war broke out between Prussia and 
Austria, in which the former power, through the 
able management of Count Bismark, premier of 
King William, attained brilliant success. 

As a result of the war, Prussia advanced in 
one month from the rear to the front rank, in the 
great European Peiitarchy. The Emperor Xapol- 
e<m III, of P' ranee, having declared war against 
Prussia in 1871, met an overwhelming defeat by 
the arms of William, and the Emperor, and capital 
of France fell into the hands of the victorious 
Germans. 

This war resulted in the establishment of the 
old German empire, and William I, was crowned 
emperor. 

AITSTRIAN KMl-IKK. 

Austria has a history which reaches back to the 
early dawn of tiic fourteenth century. The famous 
house of llapsburg, whose }>olitical fortunes were 
cradled in the ancient castle of llapsburg in Switz- 
erland, was among the most ilhistrious families of 
Europe. Albert succeeded Rodolph his father, in 
the imperial diadem of Germany about 1298, thus 
for a time associating the government of Austria 
with the German Empire. The rule of Albert of 
Austria wa^ characterized by such tyranny over 
the Swiss, tliat tlie brave and resolute Swtzers 
revulted in 1307, under the lead of the celebrated 
William Tell. 



In the year 1804, political embarrasments 
led Francis II, to surrender the dignity of 
the German Empire, and assume the title of Fran- 
cis I, Emperor of Austria. From this date Austria 
may be said to have a distinct history. 

Francis I, (A. D. 1804-1835) had barely en- 
tered upon the duties of his new Empire, in his 
capital city Vienna on the Danube, when he became 
involved in fresh complications with the-French. 
By the great battles of Marengo and Hoheulinden, 
Ulm and Austerlitz, Austria was deprived of large 
tracts of territory. 

In 1809, Francis opposed the Austrian arms 
to the victorious Napoleon; but witli resistless en- 
ergy the great con(^ueror bore down his opponents, 
and entering the capital of Austria, dictated his 
own terms to Francis. Austria was again depriv- 
ed of large possessions. 

During the iinal strujjgle between Napoleon 
and the allied powers of Europe, Austria again 
recovered her lost j^ossessions, and acquired some 
additional territory. 

Ferdinand I, (A. D. 1835-1848) succeeded his 
father on the Austrian throne. He had iield the 
reins of government al)out thirteen years, when a 
revolution broke out which compelled iiis at)dica- 
tion of the throne in favor of his nephew, Francis 
Joseph, December 2, 1848. 

Francis Jose])h, (A. D. 1848-1877) began his 
reign under a liberal constitution, but in 1852 lie 
succeeded in revoking the constitution of 1849, 
and henceforth under the Concordat the Emperor 
of Austria has wielded absolute power. The dis- 
solution of the German Confederation in 1866, 
was followed by a war between Austiia and Prussia, 
in which the Austrians and their Saxon allies 
numbering 195,000 men, were humbled, at Sadowa, 
one of the greatest battles of modern times, July 3, 
1866, by the Prussians, who numbered 250,000. 
Peace was concluded on the 23d of August, and Aus- 
tria lost her position as one of the leading conti- 
nental powers of Europe. 

ITALIAN DYNASn'. 

The early history of Italy is linked with the an- 
nals of Rome. Clouds obscure the origin of this 
garden of Europe, and little that is truly historical 
can be discovered earlier than B. C. 753. From 



CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS IIISTOIIY 



39 



this date, down to A. D. 476, Italy funiighes the 
lieadquarters for the Roman legions, and the Capi- 
tal of the Great Empire. Sometime after A. D. 
500, the Loinhards entered Italy and fonnded a 
kingdom, which continued ahout two centuries, 
when it was overthrown \>y (Charlemagne, who be- 
cjime Emperor of the West. The territory passed 
from the hands of the old liomans to the northern 
I'arharians, then to the French, afterward t^^) the 
(iermans; but the Italians refused any absolute 
control, by the foreign ruler who a.sserted his right 
of government. 

About the fourteenth centuryltaly was broken 
up; ami the following states constituted out of the 
fragments. 

Naples, Tuscan}', Parma and Lombardy, tlie 
Genoese and the Venetian territories, the states of 
the Roman Churcli, and other small states. 

The present kingdom of Italy, was formed by 
accretions of territory from the other states, to the 
dominion of Victor Emanuel Tiie first Italian 
|)arliament met at Turin Kei). is, 1861, and on the 
2!5th, enacted the new title of King of Italy. 

Victor Emanuel, (A. D. 1861-1878) was ac- 
knowledgetl monarch of the new kingdom, in IStjl. 
A few months previous to his receiving the new ti- 
tle, he had taken possession of Palermo, ( Dec. Ist, 
1860) and thus added Sicily to his dominion. 

Tusciinv was acijuired the same year. Modena 
and Parma had also declared for the new kinirdom. 
Subsequently', in 1870, the King gained possession 
•f the states of the Church. 

By this a(juisition of territory to the Italian 
government, the Roman Pontiff was deprived of the 
last vestige of his temporal power. 

Humbert I, [A. D. 1878] succeeded to the 
Italian throne on the death of his father, January. 
9, 1878. 

OOVERNMKNT OK THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

These United States constitute an essential 
portion of a great political system, embracing all 
the civilized nations of the globe. The sovereignty 
of the people is liere a conceded axiom, and the 
laws established upon that basis, are cherished with 
faithful patriotism. Prosperity follows the execu- 
tio n of even justice; invention is quickened by the 
freedom of competition; and labor rewarded by 



certain and ample returns. Domestic peace is 
maintained without the intervention of a large 
standing army. An efficient navey broods over 
our commerce which floats every sea, and penetrates 
every clime. Our national resources are developed 
by a faithful culture of the arts of peace. Every 
Americiin enjoys the fruits of his own industry; 
and is free to publish his own convictions. Religion, 
free from ))ersecution asks no subsidy from the 
state; but is recognized for her regard shown in the 
support of public morals, and is maintained by 
the l)enefactions of an enlightened conviction and 
a pure faith. Etlucation is fostered b}' public gifts 
and promoted by private endowment. Art, science 
and literature, are rapidly advancing to a position 
in this country which will challenge the respect 
yf older nations. All the industries of civilized 
life are plied with gratifying success. Such is our 
])resent condition; but let us retrospect the history 
of this country. 

In ])ur8Hing the history of the United States 
it is well to note the the periods into which it is 
divided. These are, 

Mrs/, The period of Voyages and Discoveries, 
A. D. 986-lt;00. 

Second, The Colonial period, A. D. 1600-1775. 

Third, The ])eriod of Revolution and Confed- 
eration, A. D. 1775-1789. 

Fourt/i, The National period, A. D. 1789-1878. 

PEKIOD FIRST, 

embraces the history of voyages and discoveries 
made in the Western Hemisphere by the following 
nations: 

I Norwegian. The Western Continent is 
supposed to have been first seen by Herjclfson 
a Norse navigator in A. D. 986. He is said to 
have beheld the coast of Labrador, but did not 
effect a landing. 

II Icelandic. Lief Ekickson an Icelandic 
voyager, landed upon the coast of I^brador, A. D. 
1001. 

TiioRWALO Erickson landed upon the coast of 
Maine in A. D. 1002, and is said to have penetrated 
tlie country as far as Fall River, Massachusetts, 
where he died. 

TnoRSTEiN Erickson, also brother aiLief, vis- 
ited the coast of New England, in A. D. 1005. 



40 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



Thorfinn Kaklsefne is supposed to Lave 
coasted alonj;; tlie American continent from Massa- 
chusetts to Virijinia in A. D. 1(»(>7. 

If we determine tlie question of the discovery 
of America, i)y the well established principle of 
the Philosojihv of History, '■'■an event must be 
weighed by it^ consequences^'' we must reject the 
Norwegian and Icelandic claims to the lionor, of 
the real discoverers of the North American Conti- 
nent. They came, they saw, they dci)arte<l. 

Ill Spanish. Ouristoi'iiku Columrus sailing; 
under the auspices of Ferdinand and Isabella of 
Spain, discovered San Salvador in A. D. 140ii: 
Jamaica .and Porto Rico, in 1404; and the main 
land of _Soutli America, about 141l(i. Amkkioo 
Vespucci visited Souih America in 14itO, and two 
years later made a second voya^jc, apparently 
without affecting any new discoveries. Returning 
to Europe lie published his claimed discovery in 
the Western Ilcmisphere. and succeeded in 
attachinjr his own name to the two vast Continents 
of the Western Ocean. Ponce De Leon discovered 
the Peninsula of Florida A. D. 1512. Ni-nezPk 
Balbo.\ discovered the Pacitie Ocean in A. D. 1.513. 
Fernandez De Cordova made the discovery of 
Yucatan and the I'ay of Camjicachy A. D. 1.517. 
Fernando Cortes discovered anil made conquest of 
IVlexico, ■ 1519. Ferdinand AIauem.an found a 
passage to the South Pacific, through a strait wliicii 
now bears the discoverers name, A. D. 151!». In 
the following years A. D. ir>20,he touched at a grou]) 
of islands called tlie I^adrones; still later he came to 
the Phili]>i>ine islands where he fell in a battle with 
tlie natives. 

Vasqikz De AYi.r,oN,discovered Chicora (South 
Carolina), A. D. 152U, and kidna]i])ed a number of 
native Indians. lie was made Governor of Chicora 
by Charles Y, and returned to liis new province in 
1525. The outraged Indians drove him from the 
country, and he retired to St. Domingo, in disgrace. 
Pamphilo De Narvaez with a commissitm from 
Charles Y, as Governor of Florida, sailed westward, 
and reached TarajKi Pay in April 1528. With a 
force of two hundred and sixty soldiers and forty 
horsemen, he jiiunged into the wilderness in search 
of gold. The adventures of this little band are 
full of wild romance. 

Ferdinand De SoTO, with a splendid squadron 



left the harbor of San Lucar in 1539, and after a 
prosperous voyage cast anchor in Tampa Bay. 
Imitating his predecessor, De Soto, set out amid 
the wilds of the New World in pursuit of gold^ In 
1540, became upon tlie fortified Indian town of 
Mobile, where a terrible battle was fought with the 
natives. Two thousand five hundred Indians are 
said to have perished. De Soto lost about one 
hundred and sixty-eight in killed and wounded. 
With the remnant of his little army, the brave 
cavalier pushed westward, and came upon the Mis- 
sissippi river in 1541. Crossing the river, De Soto 
moved northward until he reached a point near the 
present site of New Madrid in Missouri. Again 
their course inclined to the south, and once more 
they stood upon the lianks of the Great Father of 
AV^aters. Here near the site of Natchez, the prouti 
spirit of De Soto gave way, and he perished from 
fever. His rudely encoflincd remains were buried 
by his broken hearted comrades in the Mississippi. 

W French. Yerrazzani, discovered tlie coast 
of North Carolina, and coasted north as far as 
Newfoundland, in A. D. 1524. Ja.mes Car'hkr 
sailed up the St. Lawrence river, in 1534. The 
following vear having returned to America with a 
colony, he reached the coast on St. Lawrence bay, 
hence gave tlie name of that martyr, ti> tlie bay and 
river, which have since retainetl the name. John 
RiBAri.T, a brave and experienced sailor, in search 
of an asyiuiu for the ]>ersecnted Huguenots, 
left France in Fcln-iiary 15t!2 and striking the coast 
of [''lorida, sailed north as far as Port Royal. A fort 
was constructed, and named Carolina in honor of 
Charles IX. La Roche discovered Sable Island, 
A. D. 159S. Sa.mlei. Champi-ain discovered C'anada 
in A. D. I(i03, and selected the site of the ]>resent 
city of Quebec, for a fort. De Monts sailed from 
France A. I). 10O4, and anchored I«s Heet in the 
bay of Fundy. He afterwards took possession of 
Nova Scotia and adjacent islands, and called the 
country Acadia. 

Y English. JouN Caijot, formerly a daring 
sailor, and now a wealthy merchant of P>ristol, was 
commissioned by Henry YII, of England, to 
make discoveries and cxfilorations in the Atlantic 
and Indian oceans. This distinguished navigator 
sailed from Bristol, in April, 1496, and on the 24th, 
of June moored his fleet on the dismal shores of 



CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 



41 



Labrador. Cabot went on shore, and took posBes- 
sion of the country in the name of the king of En- 
gland. This is regarded the real discovery of the 
North American Continent. Sebastian Cabot 
succeeded his father in explorations upon the 
American Coast, A. D. H98. Martin Fkobishkk 
made the discovery of the Meta Incognita (Island) 
in A. D. 1576. Francis Drakk visited the Pacific 
coast of North America, in A. D. 1579. Maktin 
Pring, discovered Martha's Vineyard, A. D. 1603. 

VI Dutch. Hknry Hcdson made the dis- 
covery of Sandy Ilook and Iludsons Bay, in A. D. 
1610. Adrian Block, first entered the Connecticut 
river, A. D. 1614. CHRisriANSoN,di8covered Castle 
Island A. iD. 1614. Cornelius May, discovered 
Delaware Bay A. D, 1615. 

The above record exhibits what wc conceive to 
be the most important facts embraced in the period 
of voyages and discoveries. 

PERIOD SECOND. 

Embraces the est^iblishment of the American colo- 
nies. The following abstract of colonial history 
will give, the date of settlement, time of erection 
into independent states of the Union by adopting 
the Constitution, and some characteristics of the 
several districts of the country: 

I Virginia Colony, settled at Jamestown, by 
the English Lond(m company, A. D. 1607. Became 
an independent state of the Union, 1788. The 
surface of the country is varied; the climate good; 
the mineral resources, embracing coal, iron and 
salt, ample; agricultural capabilities, large; manu- 
facturiug and commercial facilities unsurpassed; 
education liberally patronized. Richmond is the 
capital. 

II Mabsachosetts Colony, settled at New 
Plymouth by the English, our Pilgrim Fathers, 
self-exiled on account ot Religion, A. D. 1620. 
Was erected into a state of the Union, in 1788. 
She has a fair climate; but the sterility of her soil 
has rendered agriculture less remunerative than 
other industries. Her manufacturies are among 
the most important; her commerce is extensive; 
and her educational facilities among the best in the 
world. Boston is her capital. 

III New Hamfsuire Colony, settled near the 
present site of Portsmouth, according to a grant 



from the council of Plymouth to Gorges and 
Mason, A. D. 1623. Became an independent state 
of the Union in 1788. Her climate is rather cold, 
but healthful ; soil light, 3'et adapted to grazing; 
her manufacturies are of some importance; and her 
. mineral wealth not insignificant. Tlie capital is 
Concord. 

IV New York Colony, settled on Manhattan 
Island by the Dutch Protestant refugees, from 
Flanders in Belgium, of the same faith as the 
Uuguenots, A. D. 1623. Erected into an Inde- 
pendent state of the Union in 1788. With a tem- 
perate climate; vast commercial resources; abund- 
ant agricultural arid mineral wealth, she has no 
superior in the galaxy of states. Albany is her 
capital. 

V CoNNEOTicnT Colony, settled at Windsor 
by the English, A. D. 1630. The Dutch had taken 
tempoiary possession a little earlier at Hartford, 
but were compelled to relinquisli their hold upon 
the country. Erected into a state of the Union in 
A. D. 1788. Climate temperate; has large min- 
eral wealth, consisting of gold, silver, lead, iron, 
copper and bismuth. 

Quarries of excellent marble and granite 
abound. Her manufacturies and commerce turnish 
the chief revenue to the state. Hartford and New 
Haven are jointly her capital. 

VI Maryland Colony, settled at St. Mary's 
by a colony under Leonard Calvert, second son of 
I-ord Baltimore, as an asylum for persecuted Cath- 
olics and others, A. D. 1633. Became a state of the 
Union in 1788. The climate is mild; and the soil 
adapted to agricultural pursuits. Her commercial 
advantages are good. The capital is Annapolis. 

VII Rhode Island Colony, settled by Roger 
Williams, and other religious exiles from Massachu- 
6ett6,at Providence, A. D. 1636. Became a state of 
the Union in 1790. Here first, the Baptist princi 
pie of soul liberty was allowed full exercise. The 
climate is temperate; her manufacturies and com- 
mercial pursuits, aflFord the principal revenue. 
Providence and Newport are jointly her capital. 

VIII Delaware Colony, settled near Wil- 
mington, by the Swedes, under the auspices of their 
Christian King, Gustavus Adolphus, A. D. 1638. 
Became a state of the Union in 1787. Her climate 
is agreeable, except amid the severities of winter; 



48 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



and her soil is generally fertile. Grain and fruit 
constitute her principal resources. The capital is 
Dover. 

IX NoKTu Carolina Colony, settled at a 
point on the river Chowan, by the Englisli, A. D. 
1663. Became an independent state of the LTnion 
in 17S9. The climate is mild. The surface of the 
country is low in the east and mountainous in tlie 
west. The soil is fertile but as yet, her agricul- 
tural resonrccs are only partially developed. Her 
forests yield lumber and turpentine abundantly; 
yams, rice and cotton are successfully cultivated. 
Her fisheries arc a source of wealtli. Raleigh is 
ber capital. 

X New Jersey Colony, settled at Elizabeth- 
town, by English Puritans after the English had 
wrested the country from the Dutclj, A. D. lCrt4. 
Organized into a state by the ratification of the 
constitution, December 17S7. Her climato is 
mild; her agricultural capabilities unlimited; her 
manufacturing interests important. Education is 
generously promoted. Tlie capital is Trenton. 

XI South Carolina Colony, settled at Old 
Charleston, by a compau}' of Englisli under West 
and Sayle, A. D. 1670. Became an independant 
state of the Union in 1788. Iler climate is genial; 
agriculture manufacture and commerce, yield her 
wealth. Columbia is her capital. 

XII Pennsylvania Colony, settled at New 
Castle on the Deieware, by William Penn, and the 
persecuted Quakers, A. D. 1681. Became an inde 
pendent state of tlie Union in 17S7. Her climate 
is temperate, and her soil fertile. Vast deposits of 
coal, iron, copper and zinc; and quarries of marble 
and slate, render her wealth inexhaustable. Her 
capital is Harrisburg. 

XIII Geori ha Colony, settled at Savannah, by 
poor English debtors, under the philanthropist. 
General James Oglethorpe, A. D. 1733. Erected 
into a state of the Union in 17.SS. Her climate is- 
mild, and aconsiderable portion of her soil cap- 
able of moderately remunerative cultivation. The 
capital is Atlanta. 

THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAK. 

The desolating storm of the French and Indian 
war which broke upon the thirteen primary colonies 
in 1754, continued till 1763, when by the treaty of 
Paris, a large tract of territory claimed by the 



French, was ceded to the English. At the same 
time Spain ceded Florida to the English. While 
the sacrifice of blood and treasure was ver}' exhaust- 
ing to the feeble colonies, the war liad taught them 
the necessity of closer union, which was an im- 
portant preparotory step in the approaching 
struggle for Independance. 

THIRD period. 

Revolution and Confederation. The war of 
American Independence was an event of the 
most far reaching significance, affecting as it 
did the tlestinies of all nations. Tlie questions de- 
cided by the conflict of arms was briefly this: 
Shall the Entrlish Colouia in Atnerirti, havivg- 
become $ovcrei<^n, oovcrn themselves, or be governed 
us defendencecs of the British Monarchy? To this 
question our Fathers made answer. We %c ill govern 
ourselves, and j)roved their competency for self- 
government in the vigorous persecnti(m of a seven 
years war, and another seven years of wonderful 
recuperative activity under the articles of confedera- 
tion. 

To French and other European j)atriots we were 
in some measure indebted for aid in this protracte<l 
yet victorious struggle. 

The causes of the American revolutiofi, are 
briefly stated in the celebrated Declaration of Inde- 
dence, made in the city of Philadelphia July 4th, 
1776. "Thq history of the present King of Great 
Britain is a history of injuries and usurpations, all 
having, in direct object, the establishment of an ab- 
solute tyranny over these states." Thus allured by 
the phantom of absolute authority, George III, had 
determined to make the American Colonies a new 
field for' his unrelenting warfare upon human free- 
dom. 

By a like cruel hand of oppression the liberties 
of Poland had been wrested from her. The civil 
rights of Sweden had been torn away b^' treachery 
and ursurpation. The ideal rejniblies of tlie free 
towns of Germany, "like so man}' dying sparks that 
go out one after another," were perishing under im- 
perial dominion. Venice and GeiU)a, had stifled 
the spirit of independence in their prodigal luxury 
and the shadows of political bankruptcy were dark- 
ening upon them. Holland had provoked her 
doom by civil discord, and war brooded like a 
dreary nightmare upon this ancient State, Now 



CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 



4» 



should British tyranny succeed, by force of arms 
in the establishuient of absohitism in America, the 
last Asylum for human freedom seems about to be 
closed forever. Momentous hour. 

"The knell of the ages of servitude and inequal- 
ity was rung, those of e<juality and brotherhood 
were to dawn. 

As the fleets and armies of England went forth 
to consolidate arbitrary power, the sound of war 
everywhere else on earth died away. 

Kings sat still in awe, and nations, turned to 
watch the issue." 

The Morning of Thursday, Dec. 16th, 1773, 
dawned upjii Boston, a day by far the most mo- 
mentous in its annals. 

Night cauie on and under cover of its darkness 
"the Mohawks"* assembled upon (xrithn's wharf, to 
celebrate the great Boston Tea Party. 

The flitting clouds of war now gather in inky 
folds, and a call for the Union of Colonial interests 
is heralded to every settlement, from the frozen 
plains of Canada to the smiling everglades of Flor- 
ida. 

On the 18th of April 1775, General Gage the 
British couiniander, inaugurates the tirst campaign 
of the war against American Independence. 

In ttie gray of dawn on the morning of the 19, 
the British van guard, commanded l)y Major Pit- 
cairn, assails the provincials at Lexington, and six- 
teen of the patriots surrender their lives, as martyrs 
in the holy cause of freedom. 

The battles of Lexington, Concord and Bunker 
Hill, are fought in quick succession, and then the 
billows of war surge and break along the Atlantic 
coast for ses'en long gloomy years. In the summer 
of 1782 Richard Oswald was instructed by the 
British Parliament, to repair to Paris, for the pur- 
pose of conferring with Benjamin Franklin aud 
John Jay, United States Embassadors, in re- 
gard to terms of peace, On the 30th of November 
preliminary articles of peace were agreed to and 
signed on the part of Great Britain by Mr. Oswald, 
and on behalf of the United States by Franklin,Jay 
Adams and Laurens. The terms agreed upon were 
ratified by the American congress in April of the 
following year. 

On the 3d of Nov. 1783, the embassadors of 
Holland, Spain, England, France and the United 



States, met in solemn conference at Paris and 
agreed upon terms of a permanent peace. 

The conditions of the Treaty were briefly 
these: A full and complete recognition of the in- 
dependence of the United States; the recession by 
Great Britain of Florida to Spain; the surrender of 
all the remaining territory east of the Mississippi 
and south of the great lakes to the United States; 
the free navigation of the Mississippi and the 
lakes by American vessels; the concession of 
mutual rights in the New Foundland fisheries; and 
the retention by Great Britain of Canada and Nova 
Scotia, with the exclusive control of the St. 
Lawrence. 

No less important results than these would 
have satisfied the liberty loving Americans, or 
compensated for their large expenditure of blood 
and treasure in the desolating war of the Revolu- 
tion. With conditions so favorable to prosperity 
the exhausted energies of the colonists, were rapid- 
ly recuperated. 

The articles of confederation under which the 
colonies had struggled during the war; were found 
inade<iuate for the growing interests of a free and 
independent people; hence in 1787, a convention 
was held in Philadelphia, presided over by General 
George Washington, and the present constitution 
of the United States framed, and signed by the dele- 
gates. 

This constitution was adopted by the several 
states, of the confederated Union, at the dates else- 
where given. 

PERIOD FOJTRTn. 

T/te National Union of the States. The 
period of our history as an independent govern- 
ment, extends from 1789, down to the present time. 
During the national period 25 new states have been 
added to the union. 

Vermont, admitted into the union in 1791 
making the fourteenth state. Abounds in granity, 
marble and slate quarries. Produces maple sugar 
and is adapted to grazing. Educational provisions 
liberal. Montpeliar the capital. 

Kentucky, the fifteenth state, admitted Jnne 
1st, 1792, bears the sobriquet of "dark and bloody 
ground," which suggests the sanguinary struggles 
of her early settlers with the "red man." The soil 



MoTB— A body of men numbering tbont fifty, dlignised ts Indiana. 



44 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



is very fertile; staple products are com, tobacco and 
hemp ; produces tine stock, yields a tine variety of 
fruit, and abounds in minerals. Frankfort is the 
capital. 

Tennessee, the sixteenth state, admitted in 
1796. Climate is good. Soil in the main fertile. 
Staples corn, tobacco and cotton. Gold and other 
minerals are found in limited quantities. Nash- 
ville is the capital. 

Ohio, the seventeenth state, admitted Nov. 
29th, 1802. Climate healthy and mild. Soilfcr- 
itle. Abounds in coal, iron and marble. Colum- 
bus is the capital. 

Louisiana, the eighteenth state, admitted 
April 8th, 1812. Surface low, and climate not the 
most healthful. Cotton and sugar cane chief pro- 
ducts. New Orleans is the capital. 

Indiana, the nineteenth state, admitted Dec. 
11th, 1816. Commercial facilities great. Soil 
very productive. Educational provisions superior. 
Her capital is Indianopolis. 

Mississippi, the twentieth state, admitted in 
1817. Commerce and agriculture constitute its 
principle resources. Cotton is the chief staple. 
Jackson is the capital. 

Illinois, the twenty-first state, admitted to the 
union, Dec. 3d, 1819. Her agricultural capabili- 
ties not surpassed by any sister state. The staple 
products are corn, wheat, oats, potatoes and hay. 
Fruit is produced abundantly. II«r mineral re- 
sources are valuable. The cajjital is Springfield. 

Alabama, the twenty-second state, was admit- 
ted Dec. 14th, 1819. Has secured jwpulation by 
the surpassing fertility of her soil. Capital city, is 
Montgomery. 

Maine, the twenty-third state, admitted to 
the union. Mar. 15th, 1820. Ship building is 
carried on extensively. Her fisheries are among 
the best in the country. The state capital is Au- 
gusta. 

Missouri, the twenty-fourth state, was admit- 
ted, in 1821. The climate is variable, the soil 
good and the agricultural resources unravelled. 
Indian corn is the principle staple, though other 
products are extensively cultivated. Stock raising 
engages considerable industry. She possesses also 
large mineral wealth. The capital is Jefterson 
City. 



Arkansas, the twenty-fifth state, was admitted 
in June, 1836. The eastern portion of this state is 
largely occupied with mar8hes,swamps and lagoons, 
but other portions are quite healthful and produc- 
tive. Corn and cotton are the chief staples. 
Little Rock is the capital. 

Michigan, the twenty-sixth state, was admit- 
ted into the Union, Jan. 26th, 1837. The southern 
peninsula is very productive, while the northern 
peninsula contains the richest copper mines in the 
world, and unlimited supplies of iron. Lumber and 
salt are extensively produced. Uer schools are 
among the best in the Union. Lansing is her capi- 
tal. 

Florida, tiie twenty-seventh state, was admit- 
ted to the Union, March 3d, 1845. She has agri- 
cultural, commercial and manufacturins: facilities, 
which may yield wealth to future industry. Her 
capital is Tallahasse. 

Texas, the twenty-eighth state, was admitted 
into the Union July 4th,1845. Having ratified the 
act of annexation the "Lone Star" was placed amid 
the galaxy of states. Iler climate is free from the 
extremes of both the temperate and torrid zones, 
ller soil is fertile. The staple products while em- 
bracing those in general of more northern states, 
include also indigo and rice. The grape, mulberry 
and vanilla, are indigenous and abundant. In fact 
Texas is a mikro cosmos of itself Her capital is 
Austin. 

Iowa, the twenty-ninth state, was admitted to 
the Union, Dec. 28th, 1846. She has a uniformity 
of excellence. Iler climate, agricultural capabili- 
ties, and mineral wealth are unsur])assed. Des 
Moines is the capital. 

Wisconsin, the thirtieth state in the union was 
admitted, in 1848. The climate is very healthful. 
The surface is a high rolling prairie comparatively 
woodless in the south, but covered with vast forests 
of the best pine in the north. 

Wheat is her chief staple. She also posesses 
valuable mineral deposits. The capital City is Mad- 
ison. 

California the thirty-first state was admitted, 
Sept. 7th, 1850. She abounds in mountains of pre- 
cious metals, and other minerals, as quick silver, 
platinum, asphaltum, &c. But great as is her min- 
eral wealth, her agricultural possibilities are even 



CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 



46 



greater and lier commerce is immense. Sacramen- 
to is her capital. 

Minnesota, tlie thirty-second state, admitted to 
tlie Union, May, 1858, was visited with a terrible 
Indian Massacre in 1862 which destroyed about 
one-tentli her original population, and $.3,000,000 
i)f her property. 

The soil is specially adapted to the growth of 
wheat. Much attention is paid t<> Education. The 
capital is St. Paul. 

Oreuon, the thirty third state was admitted by 
act of Congress Feb. lith, 185!). The eastern re- 
gionsare volcanic, aiid entirely sterile, the middle 
is adapted to grazing, the western jiortion wmtains 
valuable fariiiing lands. Wheat is the staple. 

She also possesses valuable mines of coal and 
copper. Salem is her capital. 

Kansas, the thirty-fourth state, was admitted in- 
to the Union, Jan. 29th, 1861. 

Much of her soil is possessed of ine.xiiaustible 
fertility, producing corn and wlieat in abundance. 
Vast beds of coal, iron, petroleum and lead augment 
her wealth. Her capital is Topeka. 

Wkst Virginia, the thirty-fifth state, was ad- 
mitted to representation in congress June 20th, 
1863. Her climate is healthy, and her scenery 
picturesque, sometimes even arrayed in wild grand- 
eur. Her maimfacturing facilities are excellent. 
Iron and timber are "abundant. Wheeling is the 
capital. 

Nevada, the thirty-sixth state admitted into 
the Union March 1864, has a healthy climate. The 
seasons are wet and dry making agriculture depen- 
dant on irrigation. Her Silver mines are said to be 
the richest in the world . Carson City is the capi- 
tal. 

Nebraska, the thirty-seventh state, became a 
meml)er of the Union in 1867. Her commercial fa- 
cilities are good; educational advantages excellent; 
and the wealth locked up in her soil, certainly not 
limited. Her capital is Lincoln. 

Colorado, the thirty -eighth state, was admitted 
intfj the Union Aug. Ist, 1876, by proclamation of 
the President, according to law. Her climate is 
salubrious and mines of wealth extensive. She 
yields oil and salt somewhat freely; and produces 
grains and vegetables in great perfection. Denver 
is the capital. 



territories. 

The individual Territories were organized in 
the following years. 

New Mexico 1850. 

Utah 1850. 

Washington 1853. 

Dacotah 1861. 

Arizona 1863. 

Idaho 1863. 

Montana 1864. 

Alaska 1867. 

Wyoming 1868. 

District of Columbia 1871. 

The Indian Territory which by treaty was 
made the special property of the Red man, is not 
included among the territories of our government. 

Of the above named tracts, Arizona was se- 
cured to the United States by the Gadsden treaty 
made with Mexico Dec. 30th, 1853. The govern- 
ment paying $10,000,000 for it. Alaska was ac- 
quired by a treaty with Russia in 1867 and cost 
the United States $7,200,000. 

The District of Columbia originally embraced 
a tract ten miles square, donated by Virginia and 
Maryland a« the seat of the general government. 
Here on the Maryland side of the Potomac river, 
President Washington selected the site for the fu- 
ture Capital of his country, in the year 1790. The 
City was tirst occupied by the United States Con- 
gress in 1800. The government of this tract resi- 
ded wholly in congress until 1871 when the District 
was made a territory with a legislature for its in- 
ternal government. 

The Capital building located in the city of 
Washington in the Territory of Columbia, is the 
finest in the world, and cost the government $5,000, 
(100. 

presidents and their cabinets 1789-1878 

POPCI-AR administration. 



1797. 



George Washington, Virginia, President,1789- 

r 

John Adams, Massachusetts, Vice-President. 

cabinet. 

Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, Secretary of State. 
Edmund Randolph " " " 

Thomas Pickering, Massachusetts," " 



46 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



Alexander Hamilton, New York, Secretary of 
the Treasury. 

Oliver Walcott, Connecticut, Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts, Secretary 
of War. 

James McHenry, Maryland, Secretary of War. 

Henry Knox, Massachusetts, Secretary of War. 



1801, 



FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION. 

John Adams, Massachusetts, President 1797- 
1, 
Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, Vice-President. 

CABINET. 



Timothy Pickering, Masschusetts, Secretary of 
State. 

John Marshall, Virginia, Secretary of State. 

Oliver Walcott, Connecticut, Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, Secretary of 
the Treasury. 

James McHenry, Maryland, Secretary of War. 

Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, Secretary of 
War. 

Roger Griswold, Massachusetts, Secretary of 
War. 

George Cal)ot, Massachusetts, Secretary of the 
Navy. 

Benjamin Stoddert, Maryland, Secretary of the 
Navy. 

REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION. 



Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, President 1801- 



1809. 



Aaron Burr, New York, Vice-President. 
George Clinton " 



U it 



CABINET. 

James Madison, Virginia, Secretary of State. 

Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, Secretary of 
the Treasury. 

Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, Secretary of 
the Treasury. 

Henry Dearborn, Massachusetts, Secretary of 
War. 

Benjamin Stoddert,Maryland, Secretary of the 
Navy. 

Robert Smith, Maryland,Secretary of the Navy. 



1817. 



REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION. 

James Madison, Virginia, President 1809- 
7. 

George Clinton, New York, Vice-President. 
Elbridge Gerry, Massachu8ett8,Vice-President. 



CABINET. 

Robert Smith, Maryland, Secretary of State. 

James Monroe, Virginia, " " " 

Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

George W. Campbell, Tennesse, Secretary of 
the Treasury. 

Aleck J. Dallas, Pennsylvania, Secretary of 
the Treasury. 

William Eustis, Massachusetts, Secretary of 
War. 

John Armstrong, New York, Secretary of War. 

.James Monroe, Virginia, Secretary of the War. 

William H.Orawford,Georgia,Secretary of War. 

Paul Hamilton, South Carolina, Secretary of 
the Navy. 

William Jones, Pennsylvania, Secretary of the 
Navy. 

B. W. Crowninshield, Massachusetts, Secretary 
of the Navy. 

REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATiON. 

James Monroe, Virginia, President,1817-1825. 
D. D. Tompkins, New York, Vice-President. 

CABINET. 

John Q. Adams, Massachusetts, Secretary of 
State. 

William H. Crawford, Georgia, Secretary of 
the Treasury. 

Isaac Shelby, Kentucky, Secretary of War. 

John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, Secretary 
of War. 

B. W. Crowninshield, Massachusetts, Secretary 
of the Navy. 

Smith Thompson, New York, Secretary of the 
Navy. 

Saml. L. Southard, New Jersey, Secretary of 
the Navy. 

DEMOCRATIC ADMINISTRATION. 

John Q. Adams, Massachusetts, President, 
1825-1829. 



CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 



47 



dent. 



John C. Calhoun, South Cai^slina, Vice Presi- 

CABINKT 

Henry Clay, Kentucky, Secretary of State. 

Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

James Barbour, Virginia, Secretary of War. 

Peter B. Porter, New York, Secretary of" War. 

Samuel L. Southard, New Jersey, Secretary of 
the Navy. 

DEMOCRATIC-ADMINISTRATION. 

Andrew Jackson, Tennessee, President. 1829- 
1837. 

John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

Martin Van Buren, New York, Vice-Presi- 
dent. 



CABINET. 



Martin Van Buren, New York, Secretary of 



State. 

Edward Livingston, Louisiana, Secretary of 
State. 

Ix)uis McLane, Delaware, Secretary of State. 

John Forsyth, Georgia, Secretary of State. 

S. D. Ingham, Pennsylvania, Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

Louis McLane, Delaware, Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

Win. J. Duane, Pennsylvania, Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

Roger B. Taney, Maryland, Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

I^vy Woodbury, New Hampshire, Secretary of 
the Treasury. 

John H. Eaton, Tennessee, Secretary of War. 

Lewis Cass, Michigan. Secretary of War. 

Benj. F. Butler, New York, Secretary of War. 

John Branch, North Carolina, Secretary of the 
Navy. 

Levy Woodbury, New Hampshire, Secretary 
of the Navy. 

Mahlon Dickerson, New Jersey, Secretary of 
the Navy. 

John McLean, Ohio; William F. Barry, Ken- 
tucky, and Anlbs Kendall, Kentucky; Postmaster 
Generals, now added to the list of Cabinet officers. 



1841. 



DEMOCRATIC ADMINISTRATION. 

Martin Van Buren, New York, President, 1837- 
1. 

Richard M. Johnson, Kentucky, Vice Presi- 
dent. 

CABINET. 

John Fors^'th, Georgia, Secretary of State. 

Levy Woodbury, New Hampshire, Secretary 
of the Treasury. 

Joel R. Poinsett, South Carolina, Secretary of 
War. 

Mahlon Dickerson, New Jersey, Secretary of 
the Navy. 

James K. Paulding, New York, Secretary of 
the Navy. 

Amos Kendall, Kentucky, Postmaster Gen- 
eral. 

John M. Niles, Connecticut, Postmaster 
General. 

WHIG ADMINISTRATION. 

William H. Harrison, Ohio, President, 1841- 
1841. (President one month.) 

John Tyler, Virginia, Vice President, (became 
President.) 

CABINET. 

Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, Secretary of 
State. 

Thomas Ewing,Ohio, Secretary of the Treasury . 

John Bell, Tennessee, Secretary of War. 

Geo. E. Badger, North Carolina, Secretary of 
the Navy.. 

Gideon Granger, New York, Postmaster Gen- 
eral. 

WHIG ADMINISTRATION. 

John Tyler, Virginia, President, 1841-1845. 
(Inaugurated after the death of Harrison.) 

CABINET. 

Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, Secretary of 
State. 

Abel P. Upshur, Virginia, Secretary of State. 

John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, Secretary pf 
State. . 

Thomas Ewing, Ohio, Secretary of the Treas- 
ury. 

Walter Forward, Pennsylvania, Secretary of 
the Treasury. 



48 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



John C. Spencer, New York, Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

Geo. M. Bibb, Kentucky, Secretary of the 

Treasury. 

John Bell, Tennessee, Secretary of "War. 
John C. Spcncer,New York, Secretary of War. 
James M. Porter, Pennsylvania, Secretary of 

War. 

William Wilkins, Pennsylvania, Secretary of 

War. 

Geo. E. Badger, North Carolina, Secretary of 

the Navy. 

Abel P. Upshur, Virginia, Secretary of the 

Navy. 

David Henshaw, Massachusetts, Secretary of 

the Navy. 

G. W. Gilmer, Virginia, Secretary of the Navy. 
John G. Mason, Virginia, Secretary of the 

Navy. 

Ohas. A. Wickliffe, Kentucky, Postmaster 

General. 

Frances G. Granger, New York, Postmaster 

General. 

Hugh S. Legare, South Carolina, Attorney 

General . 

John Nelson, Maryland, Attorney General. 
(New Cabinet office.) 

DEMOCEATIO ADMINISTRATION. 



WHIG ADMINISTRATION. 



James K. Polk, Teimessee, President, 1845- 



1849. 

Geo. M. Dallas, Pennsylvania, Vice President. 

CABINET. 

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, Secretary of 
State. 

Robert J. Walker, Mississippi, Secretary of 
the Treasury. 

Wm. L. Marcy, New York, Secretary of War. 

George Bancroft, Massachusetts, Secretary of 
the Navy. 

John Y. Mason, Virginia, Secretary of the 
Navy. 

Cave Johnson, Tennessee, Postmaster General. 

John Y. Mason, Virginia, Attorney General. 

Nathan Cliiford, Maine, " " 

Isaac Toucey, Connecticut, " " 



Zachary Taylor, Louisiana, President, 1849- 

1850. 

Millard Fillmore, New York, Vice President. 

CABINET. 

John M. Clayton, Delaware, Secretary of State. 
Wm. M. Meredith, Pennsylvania, Secretary of 
the Treasury. 

Geo. W. Crawford, Georgia, Secretary of War. 
Wm. B. Preston, Virginia, Secretary of the 

Navy. 

Jacob Collamer, Vermont, Postmaster Gen- 
eral. 

Reverdy Johnson, Maryland, Attorney gen- 
eral. 

Thomas Ewing, Ohio, Secretary of the Interior 
(Now added to the Cabinet offices.) 

WHIG ADMINISTRATION. 

Millard Fillmore, New York, President, 1850- 
1853 (inaugurated after the death of Taylor.) 

CABINET. 

Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, Secretary of 

State. 

Thomas Corwin, Ohio, Secretary of the Treas- 
ury. 

Chas. M. Conrad, Louisiana, Secretary of War 

Wm. A. Graham, North Carolina, Secretary 
of the Navy. 

Nathan K. Hall, New York, Postmaster 

General. 

John J. Crittenden, Kentucky, Attorney Gen- 
eral. 

Alex. H. H. Stuart. Virginia, Secretary of 

the Interior. 

DEMOCRATIC ADMINISTRATION. 

Franklin Pierce, New Hampshire, President, 

1853-1857. 

Wm. R. King, Alabama, Vice-President. 

CABINET. 

Wni. L. Marcy, New York, Secretary of State. 
James Guthrie, Kentucky, Secretary of the 

Treasury. 

Jefferson Davis, Mississippi, Secretary ot War. 



CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 



49 



J. C. Dobbin. North Carolina, Secretary of 
the Navy. 

James Campbell, Pennsylvania, Postmaster 
General. 

Caleb Gushing, Massachnsetts, Attorney Gen- 
eral. 

Robert McClelland, Michigan, Secretary of 
the Interior. 

DEMOCEATIC ADMINISTRATION. 

James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, President, 
1857-1861. 

J. C. Breckeiiridge, Kentucky, Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

CABINKT. 

Lewis Cass, Michigan, Secretary of State . 

Jeremiah S. Black, Pennsylvania, Secretary of 
State. 

Howell Cobb, Georgia, Secretary of the Treas 
nry. 

Philip F. Thomas, New York, Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

John A. Dix, New York, Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

John B. Floyd, Virginia, Secretary of War. 

Joseph Holt, Kentucky, " " " 

Isaac Toucey, Connecticut, Secretary of the 
Navy . 

Aaron V. Brown, Tennessee, Postmaster Gen- 
eral. 

Joseph Holt, Kentucky, " " 

Horatio King, Kentucky, " " 

Jeremiah S. Black, Pennsylvania, Attorney 
General. 

Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, Attorney 
General. 

Jacob Thompson, Mississippi, Secretary of the 
Interior. 

REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION. 

Abraham Lincoln, Illinois, President, 1861- 
1865 

Hannibal Hamlin, Maine, Vice-President. 
Andrew Johnson, Tennessee, " " 

CABINKT. 

William H. Seward, New York, Secretary of 
State. 



Solomon P. Chase, Ohio, Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

Williaiv P. Fessenden, Maine. Secretary of 
the Treasury. 

Hugh McCulloch, Indiana, Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania, Secretary of 
War. 

Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, Secretary 
of War. 

Gideon Welles, Connecticut, Secretary of the 
Navy. 

Montgomery Blair, Maryland, Postmaster Gen- 
eral. 

William Dennison, Ohio, Postmaster General. 

Edward Bates, Missouri, Attorney General. 

James Speed, Kentucky, Attorney General. 

Caleb B. Smith, Indiana, Secretary of the 
Interior. 

John P. Usher, Indiana, Secretary of the 
Interior. 

RErUBLIOAN ADMINISTRATION. 

Andrew Johnson, Tenness*'*, President, 1865- 
1869. (Inaugurated alter the assassination of 
Abraham Lincoln.) 

CABINET. 

William H. Seward, New York, Secretary of 

State. 

Hugh McCulloch, Indiana, Secretary of the 

Treasury. 

Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, Secretary 

of War. 
- Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois, Secretary of War. 

J. M. Schofield, Illinois, Secretary of War. 

Gideon Welles, Connecticut, Secretary of the 
Navy. 

William Dennison, Ohio, Postmaster General. 

Alexander W. Randall, Wisconsin, Postmaster 
General. 

James Speed, Kentu«ky, Attorney General. 

Henry Stanbery, Ohio, Attorney General. 

William M. Evarts, New York, Attorney 
General. 

James Harlan, Iowa, Secretary of the Interior. 

Orville H. Browning, Illinois, Secretary of the 
Interior. 



60 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



KEP0BLICAN ADinNISTRATION. 



Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois, President 1869- 
1877. 

Schuyler Colfax, Indiana, Yice-President. 
Henry Wilson, Massachusetts, Vice-President. 

CABINET OFFICERS — FIRST TERM. 

Elihu B. Washburne, Illinois, Secretary of 
State. 

Hamilton Fish, New York, Secretary of State. 

George S. Boutwell, Massachusetts, Secretary 
of the Treasury. 

John A. Kawlins, Secretary of War. 

William T. Slierman, Secretary of War. 

William W. Belknap, Iowa, Secretary of War. 

Adolph E. Borie, Pennsylvania, Secretary of 
the Navy. 

George M. Robeson, New Jersey, Secretary of 
the Navy. 

J. A. J. Cresswell, Maryland, Postmaster 
General. 

Eben R. Hoar. Massachusetts, Attorney Gen- 
eral. 

Amos S. Akennan, Georgia, Attorney Gen- 
eral. 

Jacob D. Cox, Ohio, Secretary of the Interior. 

Columbus Delano, Ohio, Secretary of the 
Interior. 

CABINET OFFICERS SECOND TERM OF PRESIDENT ORANT. 

• Elsewhere, the Cabinet officers of both terms are in- 
cluded in one list. 

Hamilton Fish, New York, Secretary of State. 

W. A. Richardson, Illinois, Secretary of 
the Treasury. 

Benjamin H. Bristow, Kentucky, Secretary of 
the Treasury. 

Lot. M. Morrill, Maine, Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

William W. Belknap, Iowa, Secretary of 
War. 

Alonzo Taft, Ohio, Secretary of War. 

J. D. Cameron, Pennsylvania, Secretary of 
War. 

George M. Robeson, New Jersey, Secretary of 
the Navy. 

J. A. J. Cresswell, Maryland, Postmaster 
General. 



Marshall Jewell, Connecticut, Postmaster 
General. 

John W. Tyner, Indiana, Postmaster Gen- 
eral. 

George H. Williams, Oregon, Attorney Gen- 
eral. 

Edward Pierrepont, New York, Attorney Gen- 
eral. 

Alonzo Taft, Ohio, Attorney General. 

Columbus Delano, Ohio, Secretary of the 
Interior. 

Zacliariah Chandler, Michigan, Secretary of 
the Interior. 



1881. 



dent. 



REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION. 

Rutherford B. Hayes, Ohio, President, 1877- 
l. 
William A. Wheeler, New York, Vice Presi- 

CABINET. 

William M. Evarts, New York, Secretary of 



State. 



ury. 



John Sherman, Ohio, Secretary of the Treas- 

George W. McCreary, Iowa, Secretary of 
War. 

R. M. Thompson, Indiana, Secretary of the 
Navy. 

David M. Key, Tennessee, Postmaster Gen- 
eral. 

Charles Devens, Massachusetts, Attorney Gen- 
eral. 

Carl Schurz, Missouri, Secretary of the Inte- 
rior. 

THE UNITED STATES AS A MILITARY POWER. 

The theory of our government has always 
limited the size of the American army and navy; 
but sufficient martial spirit prevails to guard the 
Mation against the menaces of foreign powers. 

The following conflict of arms have occurred 
during our National History : 

WAR WITH ENGLAND 1812-1814. 

Upon the inauguration of President Madison, 
the foreign relations of the United States were 
gloomy, and mutterings of war were distinctly 
heard. The insolent conduct of the British gov- 



NoTE — The Vice President is given in the list, though not a member of the Cabinet The second person named filled 
the Vice Presidency during the second term of the Presidential office. 



CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 



51 



ecnment, in restricting American commerce, called 
tor retaliation, and on the 19th of June, 1812, the 
President issued a proclamation of war. The re- 
sults of this conflict were insignificant, except as 
we regard them in the light, of putting a period to 
the hoBtilities between the two nations. 

THE MEXICAN WAB — 1845-1848. 

The<|ueBtion which precipitated the war with 
Mexico, was the annexation <jf Texas to the United 
States. On the Uth of May, 1846, hostilities hav- 
ing alread}' begnn, a formal declaration of war 
was announced by President Polk. 

In less than two years the military power of 
the Mexican government was completely broken. 
The Embassadors of the two nations jnet at Guada- 
lupe Hidalgo, in the winter of 1848, and concluded 
a treaty of peace. By this war, wholly provoked by 
the Mexicans, the United States securetl some val- 
uable territory. 

THE CIVIL WAR IS AMEKICA — 1861-1865. 

The following are regarded as the principle 
canses which led to the late conflict between two 
sections of our great country. 

1. An important cause of oar civil war, was 
tAe different construction -put upon the United 
Stalcf Constitution by the people of the Northern 
and Southern States. 

2. Another cause of the civil war, was 
the restricted intercourse between the inhabitants of 
the Northern and Sout/icrn States. 

3. A final cause of the war, grew out of the 
imprudent aiui wicked conduct of sectional writers 
and political dema^'ogxus. •■i's\>f,\> 

This cruel war raged in every part of the 
South, for five long years, desolating many of the 
fairest fields of our country; levelling homes reared 
by pious industry and patient frugality; covering 
our valleys and hillsides with vast cemeteries of 
the martial dead; filling our whole country with a 
retinue of maimed and helpless soldiery, to be pro- 
vided for by public pensions, or spurned from the 
doors of opulence, (by those whose wealth was accu- 
mulated from the war, in which they imperiled 
their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor,) 
to perish from neglect. 

The first gun of this war was fired from a Con- 



federate battery in Charleston, upon Fort Sumter. 
General Beauregard, Confederate commander at 
Charleston, had demanded ^the surrender of the 
fort on the 11th of April, 1861, but Major Ander- 
son spurned the summons, and defended his fortress 
during thirty-four hours of terrific bombardment, 
when the fort became nnteuable, and with his gal- 
lant comrades, Anderson was obliged to capitulate. 

The mighty upheaval of popular wrath had. 
come, aud the American nation yawned apart, 
opening a fearful cliasm, to be filled with the best 
blood and treasure of the Nort)i and South. The 
battle plains of Bull Run, Antietam, Chickamauga, 
Gettysburg and Spottsylvania, with scores of like 
bloody fields, had they tongues to whisper across 
the intervening years, would pale our cheeks with 
their recital of those sickening horrors of bloody 
hecatombs, thrust into the hungry maw of the 
demon — Civil War. 

Not only was a costly libation of blood oflTered^ 
but three thousand millions of dollars were expend- 
ed in bridging the awful chasm. 

On the yth of April, 1865, General R. E. Lee 
surrendered the principal confederate army, and- 
the dreadful civil war with all its bloodshed, and 
devastation, and sorrow, was virtually' at an end. 

Long years have been spent in healing the 
wound, which has often been torn agap by ruthless, 
wicked hands. 

The war had barely closed, when President 
Lincoln was brutally murdered by J. W. Booth, 
the cold-blooded assassin. 

The death of this great and good man, was 
prolific of untold embarrassments, in the restora- ' 
tion of the bleeding members of our once happy 
nnion to their proper sphere. 

Remarkable recuperative energy has been' 
evinced throughout our whole country during, 
nearly, a decade and a half which has succeeded the 
war. 

MODERN HISTORY. 

The more important events which marked the 
dawn of modern history were; the establishment of 
the House of Austria, in Germany; the transition" 
of the Tudor dynasty to the House of Stuarts, in 
England ; the erection of the House of Bourbon, in • 
France; tlie inauguration of the modern period of 



52 



SAWYER'S CHART OF 



voya^jes and discoveries, by the Spanish govern- 
ment; the thirty years war in Europe, involving 
the interests of persecuted Protestants, whose cause 
was championed by Gustavus Adolphns of Sweden ; 
the bloodless revolution in Portugal, by which the 
Portugese, under the Duke of Braganza, threw ofl" 
the Spanish yoke; the founding of the Russian 
Empire; the consolidation of the Ottoman Domin- 
ion in Europe, and the consequent serfdom^ of the 
Greeks; the transition of Prussia from a Dutchy to 
a Kingdom; the beginning of the colonization of 
North America; the religious Reformations in 
Europe, led by Savonarola, Luther, Melanchthon, 
Zwingle, Calvin, Bunyan, Spener and otliers; the 
Translation of the Common English version of the 
Bible, from the originals, Hebrew and Greek. 

MEXICAN GOVERNMENT. 
MEXICO, 

ifi a Federal Republic, witii a constitution much 
like that of the United States. Her government 
embracing, 23 states was constituted into a Ilcpul>- 
lic in 1862. This government is quite unstable, 
and frequently involved in war. The country was 
©riginally occupied by a people called Aztics who 
had attained to a considerable degree of civilization 
when conquered by the Spanish in 1521. Mines 
of gold and silver abound. The city of Mexico is 
the capital. 

CENTKAL AMERICAN OOVERNMENT. 
CENTRAL AMERICA, 

was discovered by Columbus in 1502; conquered by 
the Spanish in 1525; gained their independence in 
1823; and formed a confederation of states, similar 
to Mexico, which continued until 1839; since which 
time the states have maintained separate govern- 
ments. 

Her exports are cohicneal, cacao, (from which 
ehocolate is made,) mahogany, and dye-woods; also 
sugar, coffee and tobacco. 

SOUTH AMERICAN GOVERNMENTS. 

South America consists of several grand divis- 
ioDB of territory under separate state governments. 

COLUMBIA, VENEZUELA AND GUIANA, 

were discovered by Columbus, in 1498, and held as 
the possession of Spain until the present century. 



when they gained their independence by force of 



arms. 



BRAZIL, 



was discovered by De Cabral, a Portugese, in 15(»0. 
Fifty years later a colonial government was estab- 
lished by the Portugese, who held possession of the 
country until 1822. 

PARAGUAY AND URAOUAY, 

were discovered in 1512 and explored by Sebastian 
Cabot in 1530. A fort was built at Buenos Ayres 
in 1534, and when the Argentine Republic was 
f(jrmed in 1777, these states were included in that 
Republic, but were ultimately separated by conflict 
of arms. 

BOLIVIA, PERU AND ECUADOR, 

were conquered by Pizarro in the early ]>art of the 
16th century, lie founded Piura in 1532. Ecuador 
achieved her independence in 1812, Peru and 
Bolivia in 1821, after a bloody war with Spain. 
The governments are frequently disturbed by 
revolutions. 

CHILI AND THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, 

were conquered by the Spanish, who founded San- 
tiago in 1541. Independence was secured in 1810, 
but not admitted by Spain till 1818. The Aran- 
canians of Chili have an organized government,and 
possess a fair degree of civilization. The Argentine 
Republic is a confederation of fourteen states. 

AKRICAN GOVERNMENTS. 
EGYPT, 

and the more advanced states lying upon the Med- 
iterranean, are governed by a constitutional Mon- 
archy. 

The chief productions' are wheat, barley and 
other grains; cotton and indigo; date-palms, olives, 
figs and apricots. Forests of oak, elm, chestnut 
and pine abound ; while thejplains furnish excellent 
grazing. 

THE BARBART STATES, 

have Monarchial governments. The Moors usually 
inhabit the towns; the Arabs feed their herds upon 
the plains; and the Berbers dwell in the mountains 
and valleys of the Atlas, and are usually engaged 
in agricultural pursuits. The chief products of 



CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 



03 



these states, are wheat, corn, barlej, millet and 
other grains; grapes,' pomegranates, peaches and 
yarioas other kinds of fruit. 



8IERBA LEONB, 



Ma 



British Colony. The inhabitants are prin- 
cipally negroes, transported from Canada, and the 
West Indies. Free Town is the capital. 



UBEKIA, 



is a Republic, with a constitution modeled after 
that of the United States. It is chiefly peopled by 
American negroes, for whose benefit it was original- 
ly established. Monrovia is the capital. 

OniNEA. 

is held by native tribes, and governed by chiefs. 
Portions of the country are renowned for their nat- 
ural wealth, both in vegetable, and mineral pro- 
ductions. 

THB SOUTH AFEICAN DISTRICTS, 

are mainly occupied by native tribes, the Kafirs, 
BasoDtos and Zulus, under the government of hered- 
itary chiefs. 

The English hold dominion in Cape Colony, 
and Natal. From these colonies England is supplied 
with wool, wine and diamonds; quantities of sugar, 
coflfee and cotton are also supplied from these 
districts. Christian civilization is making pro- 
gress. 



THR EASTERN DISTRICTS, 

contain some of the most powerful African tribes. 
Some of the most fertile regions of the globe are 
found here. Rice, gold-dust, ivory, hides, gums, 
molasses and fish form the chief exports. 

AUSTRALIA, 

is the lone southern continent of the family of 
Ocean ica. 

It is at present claimed as the possession of 
England, and has colonial governments similar to 
those originally established in North America. 

Gold, 8ilver,copper, lead, iron and coal abound. 
Stock raising and wool growing are the chief pur- 
suits. 

MADAGASCAR, 

is one of the largest islands on the globe. The 
inhabitants are principally Malays. Christian 
civilization has recently made gratifying progress 
in this island. 

The soil is extremely fertile, producing rice, 
sugar-cane, tobacco, manioc, yams, potatoes and 
beans, and the fruits of tropical regions. Copper, 
mercury, iron and coal abound. Gold and silver 
are also found. Tamatava is the capital. 

NoTX— The varions Provinces and Islands, or which no Immediate men- 
tion hasbc-en made In tbio chart, are either inclnded In the general record 
of the conntries to which they belong, or have been thooght to poesess, too 
little historical intcrt-'nt to demand the attention of the student here. 

^OTB— The plan of the chart, has been to give the history of the several 
countries of the globe. In the order In which their dynasties were establish- 
ed. That errors nave been made in some Instances is not improbable ; bnt 
of general accnracy we feel meutinblj assored. (AirrBOB.) 



ts 



^ 



-APPENDIX. 

The Phoenician colonists ofTartessns and Gades in Spain, were very early attracted to the shores of 
Britain in search of tin, which was then extensively used in the manufacture of weapons of war. Aristotle 
is the first writer who mentions the British islands by name, lie says, "In the ocean beyond the Pillars of 
Hercules are two very large islands called Britannic." Pytheas gives the first account we have of the in- 
habitants of these islands, by means of which they l)ecame known to the Romans, and awakened the inquiry 
of Poly bi us and Scipio before 100 B. C. The history of the Brit<ins cannot be said to have any critical val. 
ue before the invasion of the country by Julius C»sar 55 B. C. The Celtic language spoken by the people 
whom Cfesar met in these islands has led critics to identify the Welsh with the ancient inhabitants. Drui- 
dism, was the religion of the old Britons; and is said to have inculcated the principles of piety toward the 
Gods, charitv toward men, and fortitude in suffering. Human sacrifices constituted the most revolting fea- 
ture (if their worship. The Brityns were divided into numerous tribes, and found their chief occupation in 
war. Agriculture received some attention; grazing also constituted a means of support. The -people 
clotlied themselves in the skins of beasts and dwelt in wattled huts. The native tribes offered stubborn re- 
sistance to the Roman invaders, but were finally subjugated by Julius Agricola about 78 A. D. This no- 
ble conqueror, introduced laws and civilization among the Bvitons, and taught them to raise all the conven- 
iences of life. Thus incorporated into the Roman Empire, Britain assumed an aspect of great prosperity. 
Christianity was probably introduced into BriUin by Prince Lucius about 200 A.D. and the Bible was trans- 
lated into tiie British tongue. Tiie Romans having withdrawn their legions from Britain, the Saxons invad- 
ed the country about, 450 A. D. The Saxons ruled BriUiin nearly six centuries. The most noted ruler of 
the Saxon line was Alfred the Great, who had the honor of founding the English Monarchy, about 900 A, 
D. The Saxons were finally supplanted by the Danes, in 1016 A. D. Canute, the Danish King, succeeded, 
by intrigue, in obtaining full posession of the government ;whicli continued under Danish rule until 1066 A. 
A. when by a decisive viptory at Senlac (known as the battle of Hastings,) William, Duke of Normandy be- 
came King of England. 



Table of Contemporary Rulers since the Norman Conquest. 

THE YEARS INDICATE THE BEGINNING OF ADMINISTRATION. 



GREAT BRITAIN. 



William 1 1066 

William II 1087 

Henry 1 1 100 

Stephen 1135 

Henry II ".'i4 

Richard 1 1189 

John 1 199 

Henry III 1216 

Edward 1 1272 



Edward II ." 1307 

Edward III 1327 

Richard II 1377 

Henry IV 1399 



Henry V 1413 

Henry VI 1422 

Edward IV 1461 

Edward V 1483 

Richard III 1483 

Henry VII 14S5 

Henrv VIII 1509 

Edward VI 1547 

Mary 1553 

Elizabeth 1559 



James 1 1603 

Charles 1 1625 

Oliver Cromwell 1653 

Richard Cromwell 1658 

Charles II 1660 

James II 1685 

William III 1689 

Anne 1702 

George I 17 14 

George II 1727 

George III 1760 



George IV 1820 

William IV 1830 

Victoria . ■. 1837 



Philip 1 1060 

Louis VI 1108 

Louis VII 1 137 

Philip II 1180 

Louis VIII 1223 

Louis IX 1226 

Philip III 1270 

Philip IV 1285 

Louis X 1314 

John 1 1 316 

Philip V 1316 

Charles IV 1322 

Philip VI 1328 

John II. . . . . . „ i3i;o 

Charles V ' 13(54 

Charles VI 1380 

Charles VII 1422 

Louis XI 1461 

Charles VIII 1483 

Louis XII '49S 

Francis 1 15 15 

Henry II 1547 

Francis II 1559 

Charles IX 1560 

Henrv III 1574 

Henr'v IV 1589 

Louis XIII i6io 

Louis XIV 1643 



GERMANY. 



Louis XV.... 1715 

Louis XVI 1774 

Napoleon I 1804 

Louis XVIII 1814 

Charles X 1824 

Louis Philippe 1830 

Napoleon III ; 1848 

M. Thiers 1871 

MacMahon 1877 



Henry IV 1056 

Henry V 1 106 

Lothaire II >'25 

Conrod III 1138 

Barbarossa 1152 

Henry VI iigo 

Philip 1198 

Otho IV 1208 

Ficdcrick II 1212 

Conrad IV 12150 

William 12^0 

Rodolph 1273 

Adolphus 1292 

-Mbert 1298 

Henry VII 1308 

Louis IV 1314 

Carles IV 1347 

Wenceslaus 1378 

Frederick 1400 

Rupert 1400 

Jossus 1410 

Segismund 1410 

Albert II 1438 

Frederick III 1440 

Maximilian I '493 

Charles V 1519 

Ferdinand 1 1558 

Maximilian II 1564 

Rodolph II 1576 

Matthias 1612 

Ferdinand II 1619 

Ferdinand III 1637 

Leopold I '. . 1658 

Joseph I 1705 

Charles VI 1711 

Maria Theresa 1740 

Charles VII 1742 

Francis 1 1745 

Joseph II. .' 1765 

Leopold II '79° 

Francis II 1792 

William 1 1871 



Table of Contemporary Rulers since the Norman Conquest. 

THE YEARS INDICATE THE BEGINNING OF ADMINISTRATION. 



Vladimir 11 ,,, 

Andrew I ,,j. 

Jo*""' 1328 

Johnlll ,^62 

«"''"^ .505 

'''-'V .«3 

Theodore I ^ ,^8^ 

Godoonoft ^ 

Demetrius ,ti,^ 

,„ . ,. 1006 

oumski ,/;,^ 

D _ 1006 

Komanofi dix 

Alexis , , 

'645 

Theodore II ./•_, 

IvanV '^7(' 

1682 

Peter I ,„ 

1689 

Catharine I 

Peter II •. . . . '7-5 

Anne ■•"•■ '7-7 

Ivan IV '73° 

Elizabeth '74° 

Catharine II •''74« 

Paul I : '762 

Alexander I ''9* 

1801 

Vicholas o 

>• ••• 1825 

Alexander II „ 



Osman . . 
Orchan. . 



.1299 
.1326 



.1360 



Amurath I 

tT"''v :";'!!;:!:v.v.;.:' :: ,389 

S?b"'anl 4oi 

Musa \\\r, 

Mohammed I / 

Amurath II '. .V./.V.'. '.■.■.■.' ,^' , 

Mohammed II ,;" 

B»ja='^»ii ':::''::::::::::rr:::::!S 

Selim I 

Solvman II 



1481 

1512 
.1520 



Selim II 

Amurath III. 



■'574 



Mohammed III. 



Ahmed 

Mustapha. . . 
Osman II. . 
Amurath IV 
Ibrahim 



Mohammed IV. 



'.W 

.1603 
.1617 
.1618 
.1623 
.1640 

1649 



Solvman III ^ 

Ahmed II : ;~7 

Mustapha II ,^. 

Ahmed III ,'!9S 

Mahmud I .■.■.■.■.■■.■.■.■.■.■.■.•;. ,53! 

Osman III ,, 

Mustapha III '. ,"* 

Ahmed IV ■.■..;: ;7"- 

Selim III , .■■■.■".■ ,7§| 

Mustapha IV ...".............'.'....... 1807 

Mahmond II ,gQa 

^'e'^jed 1S39 

^^•f:.- .861 

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7X7X«.ES^. 



The Course of Lectures designed to be delivered, by the Author, in connection with the use 
of this Chart, will embrace the following subjects: 



I. Tlie origin of earth and man. 

II. The propaf^ation of the predihivian race 
of Adam . 

III. Historical criticism on the Noachian 
Deluge. , 

IV. Ethnology, or the development of the 
Post-diluvian Nations. 

V. The growth of Empire. 

VI. The origin and development of the Hier- 
archy. 

VII. Ecclesiastical reformations. 

VIII. The thirty years war in Europe. 

IX. The political influence of the house of 
Stuart. 

MoTK. — Several of the above Lectures were delivered at La Grange College during the sessions of 1878 
and 1870. The course will be continued ne.vt year. The author has also been engaged to deliver this 
course of lectures. at Bolivar College. 



X. Napoleon, and the French Dynasty. 

XI. The superiority of a pure democracy il- 
lustrated by American History. 

XII. Historical resume of art, science, and 
literature. 

XIII. Paganism. 

XIV. Judaism. 

XV. Christianity. 

XVI. Mahometanism. 

XVII. Rationalism. 

XVIII. Mormonism. 




,<^" 













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